Return to
LIBRARY OF MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY

WOODS HOLE, MASS.

Loaned by American Museum of Natural History

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

1859.

PHILADELPHIA:

PRINTED FOR THE ACADEMY.
1860.

\

AS9

t-4

INDEX.

Abbott, Charles C, don. to mus. iii. vii.
Academy, American, of Arts and

Sciences, don. to lib. xv.
Academy, C. L. C. Naturae Curiosorum,

don. to lib. xiv. xvii.
Academy, Imp. of Arts, Belles-Lettres,

and Sciences, Bordeaux, don. to lib.

ix. xix.
Academy Imp. of Arts, Belles-Lettres

and Sciences, Caen, don. to lib. ix.
Academy, Imp. of Sciences, Vienna,

don. to lib. xvi.
Academy, Imp. of Sciences, &c, Dijon,

don. to lib. xiv.
Academy, Royal of Sciences, Berlin,

don. to lib. x. xx.
Academy, Royal of Sciences, Munich,

don. to lib. xiii. xiv.
Academy, Royal Swedish, Stockholm,

don. to lib. x.
Academy of Sciences, St. Louis, don.

to lib. xix. xxii.
Agassiz, Prof. L., letter from, 185.
Agnew, Rev. W. Gr. E., don. to mus.

ii. x.
Akademie der Koninklijke Van Weten-

schappen, don. to lib. iv.
Allibone, S. Austin, don. to lib. v.
Association, American, for Advance-
ment of Science, don. to lib. vi. vii.
Association, Mercantile Library of New

York, don. to lib. xviii.
Association, Young Men's Mercantile

Library, Cincinnati, don. to lib. v.
Bache, Prof. A. D., don. to lib. xiv.
Baer, C. E. de, don. to lib. xxii.
Baird, D., don. to mus. ii.
Baird, Prof. S. F., notes on a collection

of Birds made by Mr. John Xantus,

at Cape San Lucas, Lower California,

293, 299.
Beok, Dr. C. F., announcement of death

of, 91; Executors of, 164; don. to

mus. iv.
Beck, Mrs. S. R. G., resolution of

thanks to, 164 ; don. to lib. xi.
Bell, J. J., don. to mus. v.

1859.]

Bertholet, Dr. P. P., don. to mus. i.

Betton, Dr. Thos. F., don. to lib. xxiii.

Binney, W. Gr., Notes on American
Land Shells, No. 5, 187; don. to
mus. vii. don. to lib. ii.

Biological Department, Report of Pro-
ceedings for Jan. 4 ; do. for Feb. 90 :
do. for March, 93 ; do. for April, 112 ;
do. for Mav, 151 ; do. for June, 165 :
do. for Sept. 256; do. for Nov. 294:
don. to lib. xxii. xxiii. xxiv.

Boker, Dr. C. S., don. to mus. vi.

Bologna, Municipality of, don. to lib.
viii.

Borda, Eugene, letter from, on locality
of two specimens of Lepidodendron.
293; don. to mus. vii.

Bowditch, H. Gr., M.D., don. to lib. v.

Bridges, Dr. Robert, V. Pres. Acad.
Nat. Sc, announced the death of
Dr. Mutter, 92 ; don. to lib. v., don.
to mus. vii.

Broderip. W. J., announcement of
death of, 110.

Broun, Dr. H. C, don. to lib. ix. xiv.
xx. xxiii.

Brown, Dr. S. P., don. to mus. iv.

Bruns, Dr. J. Dickson, don. to mus. v

Bryant, Dr. Alexander, vote of thanks
to, 110, don. to mus. ii.

Buckalew, Hon. Charles R., don. to
mus. vi.

Buckley, S. B., don. to mus. i.

Caldwell, Dr. H. C, announcement of
death of, 330.

Carbonell, Celedonio, don. to lib. viii.

Carpenter, P. P., notice of a collection
of shells made at Cape San Lucas.
Lower California, &c, 331.

Carson, Dr. J., Remarks on Chines-
chemicals, 150 ; don. to lib. xxiv.

Cassin, John, read letter from P. B.
Duchaillu, 1 ; Catalogue of Bird*
collected by P. B. Duchaillu, on the
rivers Camma and Ogobai, Western
Africa, 3, 3D ; Motion for a vote of
thanks to James Hammill, 55 , Cata-

IT.

INDEX.

logne of Birds collected by P. B. Du-
chaillu, on the rivers Camma and
Ogobai, Western Africa in 1858, &c,
91, 133, 172; don. to lib. i.

Claparede, Edouard, don. to lib. xv.
xvii.

Clark, Edward L., don. to mus. iv.

Clark. J. Hinckley, don. to mus. iv.

Clemens, Dr. Brackenridge, Synopsis
of North American Sphingidae, 161 ;
Contributions to American Lepidop-
terology, 256, 293.

Coates, B. H., don. to lib. i.

Collet, Dr. M. W., don. to lib. i.

Committee, Publication, don. to lib. i.
xviii.

Committee of five appointed to take
measures for the formation of a per-
manent fund, 90.

Committees, Election of Standing, 55.

Commit ees on scientific papers : by
Spencer F. Baird, Notes on a collec-
tion of Birds made by Mr. Xantus, at
Cape San Lucas, Lower California,
293 ; by Wm. G. Binney, Notes on
American land shells, No. 5, 187 ;
by P. P. Carpenter, Notice of a col-
lection of shells made at Cape San
Lucas, Lower California, &c. 331 ;
by John Cassin, Catalogue of Birds
collected by P. B. Duchaillu, on the
Rivers Camma and Ogobai, Western
Africa, in 1858, with notes and de-
scriptions of new species, 3, 91 ; by
Brackenridge Clemens, Synopsis of
North American Sphingidae, 1G2 ;
Contributions to American Lepidop-
terology, 256, 293 ; by E. D. Cope, On
the primary divisions of the Sala-
mandridre, 111 ; Notes and descrip-
tions of foreign Reptiles, 292 ; Cata-
logue of the venomous Serpents in
the museum of the Academy, with
notes on the Families, Genera, and
Hpecies. 331 ; by T. A. Cor.rad, De-
scriptions of new Cretaceous and Eo-
cene shells of Mississippi and Ala-
bama, .and with notes on Eocene fos-
sil shells, 330 ; by Wm. M. Gabb,
Catalogue of the Invertebrate fossils
of the Cretaceous formation of the U.
States, 2o5 ; Description of two new
species of Carboniferous Fossils,
292; by Theodore Gill, on Dacty-
loscopus and Leptoscopus, two new
genera of the family of Uranosco-
pidae ; on the genus Callionymus of
authors ; on description of Hypo-
rhampus, a new genus of fishes al-

lied to Hem rhampus ; on notes on a
collection of fishes from Jap:m, made
by Dr. J. Morrow, 109 ; Description
of a third genus of Hemiramphinae,
150 ; Description of a new genus of
Salarianse, 162 ; Description of a new
species of Callinidea, and description
of new generic types of Cottoids, 164 ;
Description of a type ofGobioids in-
termediate between Solinae and Tri-
dentigerinse, and description of a
new South American type of Siluroids
allied to Callophysus, 194; by Chae.
Girard, M. D., Ichthyological No-
tices, 164; by R. Kennicott, Notes
on Coluber calligaster, Say, and de-
scription of new species of Serpents
in the collection of the North-wesi-
ern University of Evanston, 111., 91 :
by Isaac Lea, Description of 8 new
species of Unionidse from Georgia.
Mississippi, and Texas, 109 ; De-
scription of twenty-one new species
of Exotic Unionidae, and description
of two new species from Georgia.
Ill ; Description of seven new spe-
cies of Uniones, 150 ; New Unionidae
of the United States, 151 ; Descrip-
tion of twelve new species of Uniones
from Georgia, 164 ; Descriptions of
four new species of Unionidas, 177 :
Description of anew species of Unio,
280 ; Descriptions of three specie;- of
Exotic Unionidae, 329 ; Descriptions
of Exotic Unionida?, 330 ; by John Le
Conte, descriptions of two new spe-
cies of tortoises, 3 ; Observations on
the species of Nicotiana, 56 ; de-
scriptions of new species of the
Coleopterous family Histeridae, 293 :
by John L. Le Conte, Catalogue
of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon.
California, 56 ; Additions to the Co-
leopterous Fauna of Northern Cali-
fornia and Oregon, 280 ; by F. B.
Meek, and F. V. Hayden, Geological
Explorations in Kansas Territory, 3 ;
by Dr. J. Aitken Meigs, Descrip-
tion of a deformed fragmentary Hu-
man Skull found in an ancient quarry
cave at Jerusalem, with an attempt
to determine by its configuration
alone the Ethnical type to which it
belongs, 256 ; by R. Osten Sacken.
new genera and species of North
American Tipulidae with short Palpi,
&c. 194 ; by Wm. J Taylor, Minerab
ogical Notes, No. 2 ; by Wm. Stimp-
son, Prodromus descriptionis ani-

[18S

INDEX.

v.

malium Evertebratoruni quae in ex-
peditione ad Oceanum Pacificum,
Septentr. a Rep. Fed. missa Cad.
Ringgold et Job. Rogers ducibus,
&c, pars vii. Crustacea macrura,
331; by A. Wilcocks, Reflections
upon the nature of the temporary
star of 1572, an application of the
nebular hypothesis, 330 ; by John
Xantus, Catalogue of Birds collected
in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, Cali-
fornia, with a description of a new
species of Syrnium, 187 ; Descrip-
tions of new species of Birds from
Cape San Lucas, Lower California,
292.

Connaroe, Geo. M., don. to lib. v.

Conrad, T. A., Descriptions of new
Cretaceous and Eocene shells from
Miss., and Ala., and also with notes
on Eocene fossil shells, 330 ; don. to
mus. vii.

Cooper, Dr. J. G., don. to mus. vi.
don. to lib. xvi.

Cope, E. D. on the primary divisions
of the Salamandridse, with a descrip
tion of two new species, 111, 112 ;
Notes and descriptions of foreign
Reptiles, 292, 294 ; Catalogue of the
venomous serpents in the museum
of the Academy, with notes on the
Families, Genera and Species, 331.
332.

Corse, Dr. J. M., don. to mus. vi.

Dana, J. D., don. to lib. i. v.

Darrach, Dr. James A., don. to lib.
xvi.

Davids, R. W., don. to mus. vi.

Davidson, George, letter from, 293 ;
thanks of the Academy to, for dona-
tion, 294 ; don. to mus. ii. v. vi.

Davidson, R. 0., don. to lib. xii.

Davis, J. Barnard, remarks of, review-
ing the method of measurement as
a diagnostic means of distinguishing
human races, (adopted by Drs.
Schertzer and Schwarz,) 330.

Dawson, J. W., don. to lib. vii. viii.
xxii.

De Camp, Dr. W. H., don. to mus. v.

Department of War, don. to lib. ix.

Dinipfels, Mr. F. don. to mus. i.

Dowler, Dr. Bennet, don. to lib. i. ix.

Duchaillu, P. B., Letter from, read, i.

Dunn, Dr. Theophilus, don. to mus.
vi.

Durand, Mr. E., Remarks on cones of
Pinus pungens, 1.

1859.]

East India Company, don. to lib. xviii.

Editors of Allgemeine Zeituiigfur Wis
senschaften, don. to lib. xv.

Editors of American Journal of Medi-
cal Sciences, don. to lib. xxi.

Editor of American Journal of Phar-
macy, don. to lib. ii. vi. viii. xv.
xvii. xxii.

Editors of American Journal of Science
and Arts, don. to lib. ii. iv. xv. xvii.
xx.

Editors of Architects and Mechanics
Joiirnal, don. to lib. xix.

Editors of Archiv fur Naturgeschichte.
don. to lib. iv. x.

Editors of Atlantis, Dublin, don. to lib.
xiv. xxi.

Editors of Charleston Medical Journ-
al, &c, don. to lib. ii. iv. x. xv.
xvii. xviii. xxi.

Editors of Dental Cosmos, don. to lib.
xviii. xix. xxii.

Editors of Druggist, don. to lib. xv.
Editors of Edinburgh New Philosphi-
cal Journal, don. to lib. xvii. xxii.

Editors of Farmer and Gardener, don.
to lib. xix.

Editors of Gardener's Monthly, &c.
don. to lib. xv.

Editors of Hutching's California Maga-
zine, don. to lib. xvii. xx.

Editors of Journal of the Indian Archi-
pelago, don. to lib. v.

Editors of La Bourgogne Revue cenolo-
gique et Viticole, don. to lib. xiv.

Editors of Medical and Surgical Re-
porter, don. to lib. xii.

Editors of Natural History Review,
don. to lib. x.

Editors of Neues Jahrbuch fur Miner.
&c.j don. to lib. ix. iv.

Editors of New Orleans Medical and
Surgical Journal, don. to lib. ii. vi.
xv. xvii. xxi.

Editors of New York Journal of Medi-
cine, don. to lib. ii. vi.

Editors of North American Medico-
Chirurgical Review, don. to lib. xv.
xviii. xxi.

Editors of Pacific Medical and Surgical
Journal, don. to lib. x.

Editors of Revue et Magasin de Zoolo-
gie, &c, don. to lib. xvii. xviii. xix.
xxii.

Editors of Southern Medical and Surgi-
cal Journal, don. to lib. v. vi. viii.
x. xi. xv. xvi. xvii. xix. xxi.

Editors of Weiner Entomologische

VI

INDEX.

Mouatschrift, don. to lib. xiii. xv.

xvii. xviii. xix. xxii.
Edwards, Arthur M. don. to lib.
Election, Annual, of Officers, 353 ; of

members and correspondents, 354.
Emmons, Prof. E., Remarks on head

of Clepsysaurus, 151 ; Remarks on

the debituminization of coal 162 ;

don. to mus. iii. iv.; don. to lib. ii.
Kngelmann, Dr., don. to mus. vii.;

don. to lib. xxi.
Etting, Henry, U. S. N., don. to mus.

iii.
Evans, Dr. John, don. to mus. v.

Pahnestock, G. W., don. to mus. v.

Farquhar, G. W., don. to mus. v.

Field, Lieut. Thos. Y., U. S. N., don.
to mus. v. vi.

Fisher, Dr. James C, elected Libra-
rian, 176 ; presented for publication
Index to the genera described or
referred to in the Proceedings of the
Academy, Vols. I. VIII., 329 ; Re-
marks on changing Argynnis Astarte
to A. Ashtaroth, 352 ; don. to lib.
xxii.

Fisher, Dr. G. J., Letter from, 194.

Florat, J. A., don. to mus. vi.

Forman, Mr., don. to mus. ii.

Foulke, Wm. Parker, presented pine
cones, 1 ; announced death of Dr.
C. F. Beck, 91 ; don. to mus. i. ii.
v. vi.

Fricke, Dr. don. to lib. xix.

Gabb, Wm. M., Catalogue of the inver-
tebrate fossils of the cretaceous for-
mation of the United States, 255,
256 ; Description of two new species
of carboniferous fossils. 292, 297 ;
don. to mus. i. ii. iv. v. vii.

Gallaer, Dr. John, don. to mus. i.

Gill, Theodore, on Dactyloscopus and
Leptoscopus, two new genera of the
family of Uranoscopidse ; on the
genus Callionymus of authors ; De-
scription of Hyporhaniphus, a new
genus of fishes allied to Hemiram-
phus ; Notes on a collection of Japa-
nese fishes, made by Dr. J. Morrow,
109 ; Description of a third genus
of Hemiramphinse, 150 ; Description
of anew genus of Salariana?, 162;
description of a new species Collini-
dea, 164 ; Description of new generic
types of Cottoids from the collection
of the North Pacific Exploring Ex-
pedition, under Com. John Rodgers,

164 ; Description of a type of Gobi-
oids intermediate between Solinre
and Tridentigerince, 194, 195 ; De-
scription of a new South American
type of Siluroids allied to Callophy-
sus, 194, 196 ; don. to lib. x.

Girard, Charles, M. D., Ichthyological
notices, 91, 111, 151 ; Herpetologi-
cal notices, 164.

Goodrich, S. G., don. to lib. xxii.

Goucher, Mr. J., don. to mus. ii.

Gould, B. A., Jr., don. to lib. iv.

Graham, Col. J. D., don. to lib. v. vi.

Gray, Prof. Asa, M. D.. don. to mus.
iv.; don. to lib. xxi.

Gregory, J. W., vote of thanks to, 112:
don. to mus iii.

Grier, Dr. W. P., don. to mus. vi.

Guerin-Meneville, M. F. E., don. to
lib. vii.

Hall, Prof. James, don. to lib. xi.
Hamilton, Wm. J., don. to lib. xvii.
Hammill, Mr. James, vote of thanks

to, 55 ; don. to mus. i.
Hammond, Dr. Wm. A., Observations

on the colorless blood-corpuscle, 56;

Read letter from Miss M. H. Morris,

193 ; don. to nrus. iv.
Hankel, W. G., don. to lib. iv.
Hanson, H. C, don. to mus. iv.
Hanson, Joseph B,, don. to mus. iii. v.
Hanson, P. A., don. to lib. iv.
Hare, Lieut. Geo. H., don. to mus. i.

vi.
Harris, Thomas, don. to mus. i.
Harrison, Joseph, don. to mus. i.
Hartman, Dr., don. to mus. iv.
Hass & Brenizer, don. to mus. iii.
Hawkins, J. S., don. to mus. i.
Hayes, Dr. I. I., don. to mus. iii.
Helmuth, Dr. C. A., letter from, 164.
Holbrook, Dr. J. C, don. to mus. vi.
Holmes, Prof. F. S., Remarks on Post-

Pleiocene fossils of South Carolina.

177 ; don. to mus. v.
Henderson, Dr. A. A., U. S. N., don.

to mus. ii.
Henry, Dr. T. Charlton, U. S. A.,

Catalogue of the birds of New

Mexico, as compiled from notes and

observations made while in that

Territory, d\iring a residence of six

years, 104 ; don. to mus. i. ii.
Hering, C- J., don. to mus. v.; don.

to lib. xvi.
Hoopes, B. A., don. to mus. 1.
Hoopes, Joshua, don. to mus. iv.

[1859.

INDEX.

vn.

Horsfield, Dr. Thomas, announcement
of death of, 292.

Humboldt, Baron Alex, von, announce-
ment of death of, 154.

Institute, Albany, don. to lib. iii.

Institute, Canadian, don. to lib. iii. v.
viii. xi. xv. xix. xxii,

Institute, Essex, don. to lib. v.

Institute, Franklin, don. to lib. v.

Institute, Imperial Royal Geological of
Vienna, don. to lib. iv. xiv. xx.
xxiii.

Institute, Imperial Royal, of Science,
Lombardy, don. to lib. iv. xix.

Institute, Maryland, don. to lib. i. xvi.

Institute, Pennsylvania, for instruc-
tion of the Blind, don. to lib. ix.

Jan, Prof. M. Le, don. to lib. xiv.
feanes, Joseph, elected to Committee

on Library, 109 ; don. to mus. i.
Jessup, Augustus E., announcement

of death of, 352,
Jones, John Matthew, don. to lib. xviii.

Kane, Dr. John K., don. to lib. xxi.

Kennicott, R., Notes on Coluber cali-
gaster Say. and description of new
species of serpents in the collection
of the North-western University of
Evanston, 111., 91.

Kintzing, W. F., don. to lib. xvii.

Kolenati; Dr. F. A., don. to lib. vii.

Kollar, Dr. Noah, don. to mus. iv.

Krider, Mr. John, don. to mus. iv. v.
vii.

Lacordaire, Prof. Th., don. to lib.
xxii.

Lapham, F. A., don. to mus. i.

Latour, M. Huguet, don. to lib. iii. v.

Lea, Isaac, LL. D., Prest. Acad. Nat.
Sciences, Description of eight new
species of Unionida?, from Georgia,
Mississippi and Texas, 109 ; Descrip-
tion of twenty-one new species of
Exotic Unionidse, and descriptions
of two new species of Uniones from
Georgia, 111 ; Descriptions of seven
new species of Uniones, &c, 150;
New Unionidse of the United States,
151 ; Notice of the death of Baron
von Humboldt, 162; Resolutions
by, 163 ; Description of twelve new
species of Uniones from Georgia,
164 ; Descriptions of four new
species of Unionida?, and Remarks

1859.]

on dead shells Anodonta Lewisii,
177 ; Description of a new species of
Unio from the Isthmus of Darien,
280, 281 ; change of name of Mar-
garitana Etowahensis to M. Georgi-
ana, 280 ; Resolutions by, on the
death of Thomas Nuttall, 281 ; De-
scriptions of three new species of
Exotic Uniones, 329, 331 ; Descrip-
tions of Exotic Unionida?, 330 ;
Remarks on embryonic shells of
Uniones, 329 ; don. to mus. i. ii.
vii.; don. to lib. xviii. xxii.

Le Conte, Maj. John, V. Pres. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Descriptions of two new
species of Tortoises, 3 ; Observations
on the species of Nicotiana, 56; De-
scriptions of new species of the Cole-
opterous family Histeridae, 293, 310;
don. to mus. v.

Le Conte, Dr. John L., Catalogue of
the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, Cali-
fornia, 56, 69 ; Remarks on Paleo-
trochus from Keewenaw Point, 150 ;
Additions to the Coleopterous Fauna
of Northern California and Oregon,
280, 281 ; don. to mus. iv., don. to
lib. xi.

Leidy, Prof. Joseph, M.D., Remarks on
Manayunkia speciosa, 2 ; Re-
marks on Xystiacanthus Arcuatus,
and Cladodus occidentalis, 3 ; Re-
marks on tooth of Mastodon and
bones of Mosasaurus, 91 ; Remarks
on teeth of Clepsysaurus, Eurydorus
serridens, and Compsosaurus, from
Phoenixville tunnel, Chester co.,
110 ; Remarks on fossils from Beth-
any, Va., and also from the Green
Sand, Monmouth co., N. J., 110;
Remarks on Ossite from Sombrero,
W. I., on skull of Ursus Americanus
from the drift, Claiborne, Miss., Ill ;
Remarks on fragment of jaw of Mo-
sasaurus, 150 ; On specimens of
Palseotrochus from snb-silurian
strata, 150 ; Remarks on Droma-
therium sylvestre and other fossils
from Chatham co., N. C, 162; Ex-
tract of letter from, 1 80 ; Letter from
Dr. J. G. Fisher, and remarks on
antler of the Reindeer found at Sing-
Sing, and remarks on Freija ameri-
cana from Newport, 194 ; On the
seat of the vesicating principle of
Lytta vittata, 256 ; don. to mus. i.
ii. iii. vii. don. to lib. i. v. vii. viii.
x. xix.

Lennig, Charles, don. to mus. iii.

via.

INDEX.

Leonhard, Prof., don. to lib. xiv. xx.

xxiii.
Lesley, J. P., elected to Committee

on Palaeontology, 109 ; Read letter

from Ed. A. Spring on capture of a

fish by a spider, 255.
Letterman, Dr. J., U. S. A., don. to

mus. i.
Lewis, Miss Maria, don. to mus. vi.
Lyceum of Nat. History, New York,

don. to lib. viii.

Marcou, Jules, don. to lib. i. xii. xxii.

Meek, F. B. and F. V. Hayden, M.D.,
Geological explorations in Kansas
Territory, 3.

Meigs, Dr. J. Aitken, resignation as
Librarian, 161 ; Description of a
deformed fragmentary human skull
found in an ancient quarry cave at
Jerusalem, with an attempt to deter-
mine by its configuration alone tbe
Ethnical type to which it belongs,
256, 262; Read remarks of J. Bar-
nard Davis, 330 ; don. to mus. iii.

Minister of Public Works, France, don.
to lib. iii. v. xi. xiv. xix.

Mitchell, S. Weir, M. D., observations
on exposed hearts of animals, 56.

Moore, Cornelius, don. to mus. v.

Moore, Dr. Francis, don. to mus. v. vi.
vii.

Moore, W. D., don. to mus. iii.

Morris, Dr. J. Cheston, description of
a new species of Pomotis, 3.

Mosblech, P. W., don. to mus. ii.

Mueller, Charles, don. to lib. xiv. xviii.

Mueller, Ferdinand, don. to lib. xvii.

Mutter, Dr. Thomas D., announcement
of death of, 92.

Norcom, Dr., don. to mus. ii.
Norton, C. B., don. to lib. i.
Nuttall, Thomas, announcement of
death of, 280 ; don. to lib. xviii.

Ondarza, Col. Juan, don. to lib. xi.

Osborn, H. S., don. to mus. ii.

Osten-Sacken, Baron R., new genera
and species of N. American Tipulidse
with short palpi, with an attempt at
a new classification of the tribe, 194,
197 ; don. to lib. vi.

Owen, Dr. David Dale, don. to lib. xv.

Owen, Richard, don. to lib. vii.

Peale, Franklin, don. to mus. vi.
Pea'rsall, Robt., don. to mus. vi.
Perrine, F. M., don. to mus. ii.

Postell, James, don. to mus. vii.
Powel, Miss Mary, don. to mus. i.
Powel, Samuel, read extracts from a

letter on fossil bones near Enfield,

North Carolina, 56 ; don. to mus. ii.

vii.
Prime, Temple, don. to lib. xii.
Publication Committee, don. to lib.

i. xviii.

Queen, J. W., don. to mus. ii.

Rand, Dr. B. IL, announced death of
Capt. McMichael, 56 ; don. to mus.
iii.

Rand, Theodore D., don. to mus. ii.

Reed, A. G., don. to mus. vii.

Remont, J. R., don. to mus. iii.

Report of Committee of Biological De-
partment on paper of Dr. Wm. A.
Hammond, 56, 165, 151 ; Of Dr. J.
J. Hayes, 149 ; On paper of Dr. S.
Weir Mitchell, 56, 151, 165 ; Of Dr.
.'. H. Packard, 151 : Of J. J. Wood-
ward, 93.

Report of Committee on paper of Prof.
S. F. Baird, 299 ; Of Wm. G. Binney,
188 ; Of John Cassin, 30, 133 ; Of
P, P. Carpenter, 331; Of Dr. Bracken-
ridge Clemens, 163, 317; Of E. D.
Cope, 122, 294, 332 ; Of Wm. M.
Gabb, 297 ; Of Theodore Gill, 128,
131, 132, 144, 155, 165, 167, 168,
195, 196 ; Of Dr. Charles Girard. 56,
100, 113, 157, 169 ; Of Dr. T. Charl-
ton Henry, 104; Of Robert Kenni-
cott, 98 ; Of Isaac Lea, LL.D., 112.
151, 154, 170, 187, 221, 331 ; Of John
LeConte, 4, 93,310; Of; Dr. John
L. Le Conte, 69, 281 ; Of Dr. Joseph
Leidy, 256 ; Of F. B. Meek and F.
V. Hayden, M.D., 8; Of Dr. J.
Aitken Meigs, 262 ; Of Dr. S. Weir
Mitchell, 281 ; Of Baron R. Osten-
Sacken, 197 ; Of H. D. Schmidt, 256:
Of Wm. J. Tavlor, 306 ; Of John
Xantus, 189, 297.

Report of Curators, Annual, 351.
" Librarian, Annual, 350.
' ' Recording Secretary, Annual,
343.

Resolutions of Committee of Proceed-
ings, 149, 150.

Richards, Francis, don. to mus. v.

Richardson, Dr. F. G., don. to mus. i.

Roepper, W. Thomas, don. to mus. vii.

Rogers, Prof. R. E., M.D., exhibited
Ritchie's Riihmkorff apparatus and
Wagner's electrical machine, with

[1859.

tNDEX.

IX.

his alteration, 90; Lecture on the cor-
relation of forces 150 ; Remarks on
coal, 162; Remarks on specimens
from the Geysers of Pluton Canon,
Cal., 294; don. to mus. iii.

Rue, Mr. M. P., vote of thanks to, 92 ;
don. to mus. ii.

Ruschenberger, Dr.*W. S. W., don. to
mus. v.

Safford, Prof. J. M., don. to mus. v.
Sandberger, Dr. G., don. to lib. vii.
Say, Mrs. Lucy W., don. to lib. xxi.
Saussure, H. de, don. to lib. ix. xiv.
Schell, Dr. William, don. to lib. xx.
Schmidt, Dr. H. D., abstract of the

most important points of researches

on the minute anatomy of the liver,

256.
Secretary of the Commonwealth of

Penn., don. to lib. iii.
Semple, Dr. J. E , U. S. N., don. to

lib. iii.
Sergeant, J. D., don. to mus. ii. vi.

vii.
Slack, J. H., don. to mus. i. ii. iii. v.

vi. vii.
Smith, Aubrey H., don. to. mus. vi.
Smith, E., don. to lib. ix.
Smithsonian Institution, don. to mus.

i. ii. iii. v. vi. vii., don. to lib. ii.

vii. viii.
Society, American Antiquarian, don. to

lib. i. vi. vii.
Society, American Geographical and

Statistical, don. to lib. xxi. xxii.

xxiv.
Society, American Philosophical, don.

to lib. vii. xix.
Society, Arts and Institutions in Union,

don. to lib. v. x. xi. xx. xxii.
Society, Batavian Nat. Hist'y &c, don.

to lib. iv. vii.
Society, Belfast Nat. History, S. Phil.,

don. to lib. xii.
Society, Boston, of Nat. History, don.

to lib. vi. xi. xv. xvii. Xix.
Society, Deutschen Geoiogischen, Ber-
lin, don. to lib. iv. x. xiv.
Society, Drontheim, R. Nat. History,

don. to lib. iv.
Society, Dublin Geological, don. to lib.

x.
Society, Elliot Nat. History, Charles-
ton, S. C, don. to lib. xv. xviii.
Society, Entomological, of Berlin, don.

to lib. xviii.
Society, Entomological, of Stettin, don.

to lib. xiv.

1859.]

Society, Finnish, of Sciences, Helsim

fors, don. to lib. ix.
Society, Imp. of Nat. Sciences, Cher-
bourg, don. to lib. ix.

Society, Imp. of Naturalists, Moscow,
don. to lib. iv.

Society, Leeds Philosophical, &c, don
to lib. xv. xx.

Society, Linnean, of Normandy, don.
to lib. xx.

Society, Literary and Philos., Liver-
pool, don. to lib. xxiii.

Society, Literary and Philos., Man-
chester, don. to lib. x.

Society, London Geological, don. to
lib. viii. xii. xix.

Society, Medical, Frankfurt, A. M.,
don. to lib. xx.

Society, Natura Artis Magistra, Am-
sterdam, don. to lib. iv.

Society, Natural History, Augsburg.
don. to. lib. xiv.

Society, Natural History, Basel, don.
to lib. iv.

Society, Nat. History, Montreal, don.
to lib. iii. vi. viii. xv. xviii. xx.

Society, Nat. History, Prussian Rhine-
land, &c, don. to lib. xx.

Society, Natural History, Saxony and
Thuringia in Halle, don. to lib. xx.

Society, Natural History, Wiesbaden,
don. to lib. x.

Society, Nat. History, Wiirttemban.-,
don. to lib. xxiii.

Society, Nat. History, Wurzburg, don.
to lib. xx.

Society, Naturalists of New Grenada,
don. to lib. xiv.

Society, Natural Sciences, Emden, don.
to lib. iv. xx.

Society, Natural Sciences, NeucL
don. to lib. xx.

Society, Oberhessischen fiirNatur.- und
Heilkunde, don. to lib. xiv.

Society, Palaeontolcgical, Belgium, don,
to lib. xviii.

Society, Physics and Natural History.
Geneva, don. to lib. xiv.

Society, Royal Gardeners, Berlin, den.
to lib. xx. xxiii.

Society, Imp. Geological, St. Peters-
burg, don. to lib. ix.

Society, Royal of London, don. to lib.
xii. xviii. xx.

Society, Royal of Northern Antique
ries, don. to lib. v.

Society, Royal Saxon in Leipzig, don,
to lib. iv. xxiii.

INDEX.

Society, Royal of Sciences at Gottiugen,
don. to lib. xx.

Society, Royal of Stuttgart, don. to lib.
xiii.

Society, Senckenburg Natural History,
don. to lib. x.

Society, Vaudois, of Nat. Sciences, don.
to lib. iv. ix.

Society, Zoological and Mineralogical,
Regensberg, don. to lib. xiv.

Sorby, H. C, don. to lib. i.

Spring, Edward A., letter from, on
capture of a fish by a spider, 255.

Storer D. Humphreys, don. to lib. vi.

Stimpson, Wm., Prodromus Descrip-
tions Animalium evertebratorum
qufe in expeditione ad Oceanuni Pa-
cificum Septentrionalem a Repub.
Feder. missa, Cad. Ringgold, et Job..

' Rodgers ducibus, observavit et de-
scripsit, pars viii. Crustacea macrou-
ra, 331 ; don. to nius. vi.

Struthers, Mr., don. to mus. ii.

Survey Geological of India, don. to
lib. xi.

Swallow, G. C, don. to lib. xviii. xxii.
Swift, Robt., don. to mus. vi.

Taylor, Alex. S., don. to lib. xx.
Taylor, Wm. J., Mineralogical notes

No. II. 293, 30G ; don. to mus. iv.

vii.
Thomas, Dr. J., don. to mus. iv.
Thurman, J., don. to lib. xi.
Trautwine, J. C, don. to mus. i. ii.
Troschel, Prof., don. to lib. xiv. xx.

xxiii.
Trustees New York State Library, don.

to lib. xv.
Tufts, S. Jr., don. to mus. vi.
Turner, Dr. S. J., U. S. N. don. to

mus. iii.

Ukler, Dr. Wm. M., remarks on anes-
thetic effect of bi-sulphide of carbon,
164.

Union Deutscher Aerzte in Paris, don.
to lib. iii.

Oniversity of Michigan, don. to lib. v.

Vanderslice, Mr. Andrew, don. to mus.

90, i.
Vaux, Wm. S., don. to mus. i. ii.
Verreaux, E. S. & J. G., don. to lib.

xxii.

War Department, don. to lib. xv.

Warren, David M., don. to lib. xviii.

Warren, Lieut. G. H., don. to lib. vii.

Weigel, F. 0. don. to lib. xx.

Weiss, Adolf, don. to lib. xiii.

Westermau, B. & Co. don. to lib. xxii.

Wheatley, Charles M., don. to nms.
vii.

Whelen, Edward S., don. to mus. ii.
viii.

Wilcoxks, Dr. Alexander, reflections
on the nature of the temporary star
of 1572, an application of the Nebu-
lar hypothesis, 330.

Willcox, Edward J., don. to mus. vii.

Williams, John, don. to mus. vii.

Willis, 0. R., don. to mus. iii.

Wilson, Dr. G. B. don. to mus. i.

Wilson, Dr. S. W., don. to mus. v.

Wilson, Dr. Thomas B., resigna-
tion of, from Committee on Pahe-
ontology and Library 55 ; don.
to mus. i. don. to lib. i. ii. iii. v. vi.
vii. viii. ix. xi. xii. xiii. xv. xvi.
xvii. xviii. xix. xxi. xxii. xxiii.
xxiv.

Wood Horatio C. Jr., don. to mus. vii.

Woodhouse, Dr. S. W. don. to mil*,
ii. v.

Woodward, Dr. J. J., on suppuration
in cancerous growths, 93.

Worrell, Wm. don. to mus. vi.

Xantus, John, Catalogue of birds col-
lected in the vicinity of Fort Tejon.
California, with a description of a
new species of Syrnium, 189 ; Cata-
logue of Birds from Cape San Lucas.
Lower California, 292, 297; don. to
mus. iii.

Zigno, Barone Achille, don.
xiv.

to lib.

[1859.

INDEX

TO

PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL DEPARTMENT

For 1859.

Atlee, Dr. Walter F., Remarks oa white
corpuscles in dried blood, 3; Remarks
on a Hydatid Mole, 6.

Election of officers for 18G0, 20.

Hammond, Dr. Wrn. A., Remarks on
stomach of Fiber zibethicus, Castor
fiber, Arvicola, 1 ; Observations on
the colorless blood corpuscles, and
remarks on eggs of parasites, in the
liver of a rabbit and the spleen of
Chelonian reptiles, 4 ; Remarks on
the excitability of heart containing
blood, 6.

Hammond and Mitchell, Experimental
researches relating to Corroval and
Vao, two new varieties of Woorara,
the South American arrow poison,
11 ; Experimental examination of the
physiological effects of Sassy-bark,
the ordeal poison of the Western
Coast of Africa, 13.

Hayes, Dr. I. I., On the relations exist-
ing between food and the capacity of
man to resist low temperatures, 8.

Leidy, Dr. Joseph, Remarks on impos-
sibility of determining the source of
dried blood, 3 .; exhibited specimen
of a Trichina found in human mus-
cle, 3 ; Remarks on human muscle
containing peculiar cysts, 4 ; Re-
marks on dipterous larvae from man,
7 ; on the vesicating principle of the
Lytta vittata, 18.

Mitchell, Dr. S. Weir, Remarks on
blood crystals of the opossum and
muskrat, 1 ; Gall stone found in the
gall-bladder of a muskrat, 3 ; Re-
marks on the death of an infant in
ulero. before the mother, 4; Remarks
on the circulatory apparatus of the
Lepidosteus, 5 ; Remarks on peculiar
contraction of muscles not bound by
fascia, when struck, 5 ; Remarks on
the effect of sugar in rendering the
eyes of frogs cataractous, 16; On the
production of cataract in frogs by the
injection of large doses of sugar, 20.

Morris, Dr. J. Cheston, Remarks on
human Embryo in its membranes, 7 :
Remarks on poisoning from the sting
of the common bee, 18 ; Remarks on
the digestive principle, 19.

Packard, Dr. A. F., Remarks on the
swimming bladder of Lepidosteus, 4 ;
On the pathological relations of Can-
cer and Tubercle, 10.

Woodward, Dr. J. J., Remarks on im-
possibility of determining to what
mammal dried blood has belonged, 2 ;
Remarks on cysts in human muscle,
4 ; On suppuration in cancerous
growths, 7 ; Remarks on phosphates
in urine, and also on highly acid
urine, 20.

Uhler, Dr. Win. M., Remarks on or-
ganic substances not found in the
organism during life, 3.

1859.]

PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

OF PHILADELPHIA.

1859.

January 4tli.
President Lea in the Chair.

Forty-eight members present.

Mr. W. Parker Foulke presented some cones found in April, 1858, by Mr.
Samuel I. Goucher, on a peak of the Blue Mountain, near Mount Holly Springs,
Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.

Mr. Durand stated that he had examined these cones, with a few leaves ac-
companying them, and had no doubt they were from the Pinuspungens, or table
mountain pine, which he believed had not been previously recognized so far
north.

January Will.
Dr. Carson in the Chair.

Thirty-seven members present.

Mr. Cassin read a letter from Mr, P. B. Duchaillu, dated Fernando
Vaz River, Western Africa, September 28th, 1858, containing the
following passages:

" Since I left the Gaboon in 1857, I have explored the Camma or Fernando
Vaz river and the Ogobai river, which is a branch of the Camma, but was pre-
vented from ascending the latter by the natives. I have ascended also to the
distance of about two hundred miles the Rembo and the Ovenga rivers.

"The country of the Nazareth and the Camma is intercepted by large rivers,
creeks and lagoons going in every direction into the interior, and to all of
which the natives have given distinct names. Some of these rivers are wide
and deep, and would be navigable for steamers to a great distance. In some
places the soil is very rich and in others sandy ; the ebony and red wood trees
are very abundant.

" One of the most interesting facts that I have determined is, that the Cannibal
tribe (the Paueins) which I met with on the head waters of the river Muni,
seem to terminate in the interior, up the Nazareth river, the banks of which are
inhabited by various tribes calling themselves Orounga, Ogobai, Pandjai,
Aninga, Okanda and Apindgi ; none of these are cannibals, and they speak of
the Paueins as farther north and in the interior, and my conclusion is, that
this cannibal people either follow the mountains, which I think take here an
eastern direction, or that they cease. Up the Rernbo, which is the main branch

1 [Jan.

2 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

of the Fernando Vaz, the Bakalai tribes disappear ; then follow a people calling
themselves Ashira, and next to them come the Apindgi.

"Up the Oveuga, I left it and went into the interior amidst the Bakalai people
and afterwards into the Ashira country. The Ashiras are quite a different peo-
ple from any that I have yet seen in Western Africa. They cultivate tobacco
extensively, and cotton to some extent also, but the principal cloth made by
them is from a kind of grass which is very fine. Food with this people is
abundant, and they are the only people I have yet seen in this country that had
domesticated hogs.

" Immense forests, in which the ebony tree is very abundant, border the
banks of the Fernando Vaz, but at the highest point that I reached, the coun-
try was more open, and grassy plains frequently presented themselves. I was
assured by the natives that this was the character of the country still higher up
the river and its branches, and they speak of a large prairie and of a large lake
also further in the interior. The latter, as far as I can judge from the accounts
of the natives, is about 600 miles from the coast. At present my intention is
to make another journey about in the latitude of the Fernando Vaz in search of
this lake, which I have some hopes may prove to be the source of the Congo.
In this journey I may perhaps also ascertain the course of the mountains
that I reached in ascending the Muni river.

I have made maps of all the rivers that I have ascended, and have, with much
difficulty, kept my journal without intermission, and hope to lay it before the
Academy on my return to the United States. I send by this vessel four boxes
and three barrels containing collections of quadrupeds and birds, in which are
many interesting specimens, and some that I have never collected before. All
are from the Fernando Vaz or Camma, the Ogobai, Rembo and Ovenga rivers."

Dr. Leidy exhibited a drawing of the worm described by him at a
former meeting as Manayunkia speciosa.

Dr. Leidy remarked, that perhaps some of the members present would recol-
lect he had some time since, (Proc. 1858, p. 90,) described a curious fresh
water worm, Manayunkia speciosa, from the river Schuylkill. It was observed
that it appeared to be most nearly allied to the marine genus Fabricia. During
the last summer, Dr. L. in company with Mr. Powel sought for the latter at
Newport, R. I. They found it in very great abundance at the foot of the cliffs
bathed by the ocean. In its curved tubes of tenacious mud, adhering to stones,
and with ito projecting tentacles, it very much resembles a ciliated polype, es-
pecially Plumatella.

The worm is about U lines long, demi-cylindroid, with 12 annuli, of which
all except the first are setigerous. The cephalic annulus has a short proboscis ;
is provided with one or two pairs of eyes, and supports six arms with about
80 ciliated tentacles. The succeeding 7 or 8 annuli are provided on each side
with fascicles of from 5 to 7 setae and as many podal spines. The posterior
three annuli are provided on each side with fascicles of 2 setae and from 12 to
15 short podal spines. Anterior setae terminating in a linear lanceolate
blade ; posterior setae aristate. Anterior spines terminating in a hook which
is dentate on its convex border; posterior spines expanded at the extremity,
which is dentated on the convex border. Caudal annulus with a pair of eyes.

Eyes exist in the cephalic and caudal annuli, also in the young worm. From
the "want of a good description and figures of the European species of Fabricia.,
it was not to be determined whether the American species was different from it.

January Y&tli.
President Lea in the Chair.
Forty-one members present.

The following papers were presented for publication in the Proceedings.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 3

Catalogue of Birds collected on the rivers Camma and Ogobai, Wes-
tern Africa, by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu, in 1858, with notes and descrip-
tions of new species, by John Cassin.

Descriptions of two new species of tortoises, by John Le Conte.

Geological Explorations in Kansas Territory, by F. B. Meek and F.
V. Hayden, M. D.,

And were referred to Committees.

Dr. Morris described a new species of Pomotis very common in the vicinity
of Philadelphia, and characterised by a short auricular appendage and rounded
caudal fin. The numbers of the rays are as follows :

D. 9-10. A. 3-9. P. 9. C. 16. V. 1-5.

The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are covered with spots of a lighter color
than the fins themselves. The body of the fish is traversed by seven or eight
blackish bands, the first passing through the eye, the second near the margin
of the opercle, the third behind the pectoral, the fourth and fifth opposite the
dorsal, the sixth, seventh and eighth from opposite the end of the dorsal to the
root of the caudal. An opaline bluish spot is found on the opercular appen-
dage, the general color of which is black. This species approaches the P.
catesbei of Cuv. and Val. but is believed to be distinct. Dr. M. proposed for
it the name of Pomotis guttatus.

Dr. Leidy called the attention of the members to some remains of cartila-
ginous fishes, discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden and F. B. Meek, during the last
summer, in the carboniferous formations of Kansas. One of these is a muti-
lated dorsal spine included in a fragment of rock, from ihe upper carbonife-
rous formation of Leavenworth City. The spine may perhaps belong to one
of the same fishes, to which the other specimens appertain, but there was no
means at present to determine this fact. It was characterised as follows :

Xystracanthus arcuatus Leidy. Spine much curved ; its posterior border
formiDg the segment of a circle whose diameter would be about 2 inches.
Length along the convex border, when perfect, about 2| inches. Lower ex-
tremity 3| lines wide. Section ovoid with the broader part posterior. Sides
of the spine finely ridged longitudinally, and furnished anteriorly with small,
oblique, hemi-elliptical tubercles ; posteriorly provided, on the two sides together,
with six rows of odontoid tubercles, of which those of the first row on each
side are minute, and of the last row are the largest. Osseous structure of the
specimen brown ; odontoid tubercles invested with smooth, shining gray, ename-
loid substance, demi-conoidal, those of the posterior pair of rows sometimes
coalescing across the back border of the spine and assuming a crescentoid
form.

The second specimen was the fragment of a tooth, of a species of Cla-
dodus, obtained from the Manhattan upper coal measures. It was characterised
as follows :

Cladodus occidentalis Leidy. Enameled crown, when perfect, about an
inch in length, demi-conical ; the outer convex side provided with narrow ob-
lique folds. Lateral denticles two, the outer one the larger. Base of the tooth
reniform, with a breadth of about an inch, and the short diameter about 5
lines ; lateral extremities provided with a pair of large ovoid tubercles, one
above the inner margin, the other below the outer margin.

The third specimen is a tooth, apparently of Petalodus alleghaniensis,*
from the upper carboniferous rocks, near Fort Riley. It differs from the tooth,
upon which the species was originally founded, in no important point, except
that it is larger. The breadth of the crown is about twenty lines ; its height
on the convex side 10 lines, on the concave side 1 inch.

* Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, 161.

1859.]

4 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

January 25(h.
Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.

Forty-six members present.

The Report of Proceedings of the Biological Department for the
present month was read.

On report of the respective committees, the following papers were
ordered to be printed in the Proceedings.

Description of two New Species of Tortoises .
BY JOHN LE CONTE.

Kinosternum Henrici. Testa regulari-ovali, convexa, dorso subcarinato,
postice valde decliva, margine non dispanso, laterali perpendiculari, sterno
testam non omnino occludente, cauda longa, unguiculata.

Habitat New Mexico.

Head and neck dusky, on the top slightly varied with paler, beneath and on
the sides, including the jaws, thickly speckled with yellow. Upper jaw entire,
hooked. Chin with two small warts. Legs and tail dusky, fore feet with two
folds on the upper side ; hind legs squamous on the hinder side and likewise
with two folds ; tail black and rather long, furnished with a long, broad and
rather pointed nail. Shell brownish yellow, regularly elliptic, convex, very
declivous behind, with the remains of an evident keel on the three last scut;e,
anterior and posterior margins not expanded, the lateral perpendicular with
a considerable furrow for the greatest part of its length. Vertebral scutae im-
bricate, the first one triangular with the apex truncate, applied to the nuchal
and first marginal scuta, second, third and fourth urceolate, six-sided, the
lower side of the fourth very short, the fifth triangular with all the angles
truncate, so as to form a six-sided figure, of which the apical side is very short,
the two upper lateral sides long and incurved, the two lower lateral short and
perpendicular to the base which is doubly incurved so as to form a waving line ;
this scuta is applied to the two caudal marginals, the first lateral is irregularly
four-sided, the second and third five-sided, the fourth four-sided, the anterior
side straight, the superior oblique, the posterior curved first outward and then
inward, so as to fit into the sides of the fifth vertebral and the last marginal ;
the nuchal scuta is small and square ; the rest of the marginals except the last
one, the caudals being excluded, are oblong, more or less angled on the top;
the last one is larger than the rest, three-sided, pointed above and entering a
cavity between the last vertebral and the last lateral ; the base is straight and
the two sides curved ; the caudals are four-sided, the upper side curved. Ster-
num large and yellow, emarginate behind, jointed before by a ligament, be-
hind by a suture anteriorly closing up the box of the shell, posteriorly very
partially so ; gular scuta very large, triangular, pectorals irregularly four-sided,
the outer side a little wider than the inner, the lower side curved, the interior
anterior angle very obtuse, the interior posterior rather acute, the two exterior
right ; brachials triangular with the apex truncate, and the upper side incurved;
abdominals quadrangular, the membrane joining them with the femorals so
wide as to make the joint appear double, femorals quadrangular, the inner side
short, caudals right angled triangular.

Length of the shell 4-7 inches, height 1-9, of head and neck 2'8, of the tail 2.

This new tortoise was brought from New Mexico by Dr. T. C. Henry of the
United States Army, and by him through Mr. Cassin presented to the Academy.
It is an old individual. It appears that when young the scutas of the back are
marked with concentric striae, and no doubt the whole of the upper surface
varied in some degree with darker. When the K. odoratum is found in clear
water streams it is beautifully varied, thus, for instance, those found in the
Ogeechee river, in Georgia, which has a sandy bottom and is seldom or never

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.

polluted with mud, they are marked on each scuta with diverging or radiating
lines of dnrker.

I have not adopted Mr. Agassiz's name in describing this animal, as I do not
think that his arrangement of Kinosternoids founded on a proper basis. If I
were to adopt his classification, I should describe three of his genera as follows,
premising that I think it is offering a violence to nature to separate the two
first.

KlNOSTERNUM.

Sternum entirely closing up the box of the shell, with eleven scutae and eight
bones, there being no entosternal, but the whole piece may be divided longitu-
dinally from front to rear into two pieces, which are afterwards subdivided.
The sternum is bilobed, each lobe moveable from the side of the abdominals on
the posterior joint of the hyosternals and the anterior of the hyosternal bones.
By closing the two lobes it is enabled to cover entirely the head and limbs ;
the posterior lobe being as wide as any part of the sternum, there can be of
course but very small wings by which it is attached to the carapace. In fact
they are scarcely perceptible. The upper jaw is most frequently hooked and
the tail armed with a nail.

Thyrosternum.

This genus differs from the preceding in the shape and mode of attachment
of the sternum to the carapace, the number of bones and of scutae is the same,
but the wings are much longer; it has likewise two moveable lobes, the anterior
attached by suture at the sides and by ligament in the centre ; the posterior
one entirely by suture, both of them narrower than the opening of the carapace,
particularly the posterior one ; consequently the animal is not able to with-
draw its softer parts entirely from view. It is always emarginate behind, the
upper jaw is almost always hooked, and the tail generally armed with a nail.
The transitus from Kinosternum to Thyrosternum is so perfect, that it becomes
difficult in some instances to say to which genus a specimen belongs.

Ozotheca.

Sternum very much shorter and narrower than in the other two genera, con-
stituted in the same manner, but the gular plate is generally very small. It is
jointed like the others both before and behind. The upper lobe is quite movea-
ble, but the lower little so, inasmuch as the fourth scuta projects somewhat
beyond the suture connecting this part with the abdominals, but there is a wide
space above it filled with ligamentous matter, which allows of some degree of
motion. This joint early in life becomes immoveable. The anterior joint in old
animals is apt to become permanently soldered to the adjoining bone. The
wings are longer and uarrower than in the others.

The following characteristics are common to all these three genera. The
chin is furnished with two or more small warts, and the feet have some folds or
large scales, the fore feet on the anterior side, the hind feet on the posterior.
They all have a strong musky odor.
' Although it may appear perfectly proper to separate the last genus from the
two others, yet in Wagler's K. hirtipes a very near approach is made to
Ozotheca, it has a very narrow sternum, emarginate behind and the branchial
plate is quadrangular, very much resembling what we see in 0. odo?-ata, the
jugular scuta is large and triangular, the upper jaw hooked, and the tail ungi-
culate ; in these three particulars exactly like the T. Pennsylvanicum. In the
young of the 0. odorata it is impossible to distinguish the sternum from that of
the T. Pennsylvanicum, except by the form of the brachial scuta ; it is very
remarkable, however, that the first which in the adult state has the nuchal scuta
small and irregular in shape, when very young has it very large and perfectly
triangular. The most of the Kinosterna and Thyrosterna have the tail armed
with a nail. Whether any of the Ozotheca are thus furnished I do not know,
never having had an opportunity of examining more than two species (unless
Wagler's K. hirtipes is admitted to be one). Should one, however, be found

1859.]

6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OE

perfectly agreeing in every respect with the 0. odorata, with the tail unguicu-
late, I would not hesitate to say at once, that my learned friend's division was
unnatural. In all species that I have seen, except those brought from Mexico
by Mr. Pease, the posterior lobe of the sternum is emarginate behind, and is
but slightly moveable ; in the Mexican species, on the contrary, it is entire and
capable of entirely closing up the box of the shell ; in both cases the faculty
arises from the peculiar formation of the joint, being either sutural or liga-
mentous.

The following is the distribution according to Mr. Agassiz's system of such
Kinosternoids as I have had an opportunity of examining.

KlNOSTERNUM.

Mexicanum, integrum, triliratum.

Thyrosternum.

Scorpioides, leucostomum, longe caudatum, pennsylvanicum, sonoriense and
Henrici.

Ozotheca.

Odorata, guttata, hirtipes ?

The animal, the description of which follows, was somehow omitted in
my monograph in vol. vii. Proc. A. N. S.; it differs remarkably from others
of Mr. Agassiz's genus Kinosternum, in having the upper jaw not hooked, and
the tail not unguiculate.

K. triliratdm. Head and neck above spotted with yellow, the spots on the
cheeks larger, beneath yellowish irregularly varied with dusky, jaws yellow
varied with black, the upper entire, not hooked. Chin with four small warts. Fore
legs above dusky, beneath yellowish brown with three plicae or large scales ;
hind legs cinereous brown with four large scales near the heel. Tail short,
black, pointed, without a nail at the end. Shell regularly oval, brown, very
convex, strongly tricarinate on the back, very declivous on the sides, the
outer edge of the margin sharp and projecting, the scutae with more or less
concentric striae, and others radiating from behind. Vertebral scuta? elon-
gated, imbricate, emarginate behind, the first triangular with the apex some-
what truncate and the base angled, applied to the nuchal and first marginal
only, the second, third and fourth hexagonal, the anterior and posterior sides
very short, the fourth with the two lower sides much shorter than the upper,
the fifth triangular with the apex truncate and the base a little angled ; the
first lateral is four-sided, the lower side with four facets, second and third pen-
tagonal, fourth irregularly five-sided ; the nuchal scuta is wider at the base,
the rest of the marginals square and oblong, increasing in size to the extremity
of the shell : sternum yellow, varied with black, entire and rather poised be-
hind, bivalved, completely closing up the box of the shell, wings very short,
applied partially to the fourth and entirely to the fifth, sixth and seventh mar-
ginal scuta?, all the scuta? of the sternum are concentrically striate; the gular
large, triangular, pectorals irregularly four-sided, the anterior side curved,
brachials triangular with the apices truncate and the base rounded, caudals
right angled triangular ; inguinal scuta long, rather wide, joining the axillary.

Length of the shell 5 inches, height 2-5, tail -8. Brought from Mexico by
Mr. Pease.

I conclude by observing that Mr. Agassiz thinks my K. Mexicanum is the
same as Mr. Bell's K. Shavianum. The author last named supposed that he
possessed the identical specimen from which Dr. Shaw made his figure.
There can be no doubt that Dr. Shaw's figure represents my K. Mexicanum,
although the shell is represented without a nuchal and without caudal
marginals. Mr. Bell's species has the tternum narrower than the shell,
and emarginate behind ; it undoubtedly belongs to the scorpioides. In the
seventh volume of Proc. A. N. S., in my description of this species, it is
said that the sternum is entire ; it is really shallowly emarginate. They

[J;

an.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7

both belong to the genus Thyrosternum. Mr. Agassiz likewise thinks that my
Emys concinna and Dr. Holbrook's E. Floridana are the same. My friend will
pardon me when I say, that he probably has not had an opportunity of examin-
ing my species. There is no specimen in the collection of the Academy which
I can recognise as the animal once described by me. These two species are by
no means alike. The E. concinna is most beautifully smooth, nothing can be
more so; the E. Floridana is extremely rough with longitudinal rugae, it is besides
sometimes three times the size of the other, and the marks on the head and neck
are entirely different. According to this excellent naturalist the K. lonyicau-
datum and K. brevicaudalum of Spix, form but one species. They differ, however ;
the first has the sternum sharply emarginate behind, and the brachial scuta is
narrow, triangular and very much truncate at the apex. In the other the sternum
is bluntly emarginate behind and the brachial perfectly and acutely triangular.
Mr. Bell's scorpioides is not the animal described so long ago under that name,
as the want of the caudal nail sufficiently shews ; the specific name of this
tortoise was given it on account of that appendage. Neither is it the K. brevi-
caudatum nor the lonyicaudatum of Spix. This author thinks that the female
tortoises have long and the males short tails ; it is just the reverse.

When my son was in Honduras, he obtained a species of tortoise much
larger than any that we have seen in the United States. The shell was nearly
two feet long; unfortunately this was afterwards destroj'ed, but the head and
limbs having been put into a jar of alcohol reached here in safety. In order
to keep alive the remembrance of this animal and to induce others to look for
it, I add a description of the head and tail, the only parts to which I can
have access at present, premising that it belongs to the genus Emys (Ptjxhe-
mys Agass.) and has the jaws serrate in the same manner as the E. niobiliensis .

Emys valida. Head and neck above dusky inclining to brown, striped with
yellow, the stripes on the top very few, on the sides very numerous, one of them
running from the middle of the orbit to the back part of the neck, widens con-
siderably after it passes the superior part of the cheek; beneath yellow with
numerous lines of dusky; nose and jaws striped with yellow, jaws serrate, the
lower one hooked, the upper emarginate. Tail dusky with two yellow lines on
the top and three on the under side, the outer one of which on each side
branches off in such a manner as to surround the vent, above which it crosses
the tail transversely. Head 4 inches long, tail 3 inches.

Sixty years ago, in the Tammany Museum in New York, there was the shell
of an Emys three feet long ; it had been used by an Indian as a shield and had
varied devices painted on it ; it was said to come from Lake Erie. Nothing like
this has since been seen, but I am told that in the head waters of the Missis-
sippi tortoises of an immense size and in great quantity have been observed.

Since writing the above, Prof. Baird has called my attention to the Atlantic
Journal of Mr. Rafinesque, where there are some remarks on the tortoises of
the United States. This author names the Testudo Carolina, the Kerobates of
Agassiz, Gopherus ; his Cheliphus appears to be the true Kinosternum Agassiz,
the Vronyx the Thyrosternum of the same ; Didicla is the Cistudo, Chelopus is
Nanemys and Cheliurus is the Chelydra.

Although it has become customary to pay no attention to any thing publish-
ed by this very indefatigable explorer of the productions of our country, I do
not think it right when a genus or a species has been announced as suggested
or discovered by him, to pass it over without notice. From an unfortunate
shipwreck in which he lost every thing that he possessed in the world, he be-
came disordered in his intellect. Notwithstanding his propensity for seeing
differences which were not apparent to others, many of his observations are
truly valuable, and no naturalist should think his labors perfect unless he has
searched through the many publications of this unfortunate naturalist, and dis-
covered whether or no he had been anticipated by him. No one seems ever to
have looked for his Opalone, a soft shelled tortoise with five nails, found in the
upper branches of the Hudson River.

1859.]

8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

/

Geological Explorations in Kansas Territory.
BY F. B. MEEK and F. V. HAYDEN.

As it is merely our purpose, on the present occasion, to give rather briefly,
the results of some geological examinations made by us last summer in eastern
Kansas, it will perhaps scarcely be expected that we should here enter into a
historical review of the valuable labors of other explorers in that region.
Hence we proceed at once to present such facts as came under our observa-
tion, and the conclusions they seem to warrant.

The route pursued by us while making these investigations, was first from
Leavenworth city on the Missouri, accross the country to Indianola, near the
mouth of Soldier creek, on the Kansas ; thence up the north side of Kansas and
and Smoky Hill rivers, to the mouth of Solomon's fork. Here we crossed the
Smoky Hill, and followed it up on the south side to a point near the ninety-
eighth degree of west longitude ; from which point we struck across the country
in a south east direction to the Santa Fe road, which we followed north east-
ward to the head of Cottonwood creek. Leaving the road here, we went down
the Cottonwood valley some thirty miles, when we turned across the country
nearly due northward to Council Grove. From the latter place we followed
the Santa Fe road back southwestward about twenty-four miles to a watering
place known as " Lost Spring ;" here we again left the road and struck across
the country in a northwest direction to Smoky Hill river, at a point nearly op-
posite the mouth of Solomon's fork. We then traveled down the south side of
Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers to Lawrence, where we crossed the Kansas and
proceeded in a northeast direction back to Leavenworth city.

The first outcrop of rocks examined by us during the expedition is at a point
just below the steamboat landing at Leavenworth city. At this place and for
some distance above on the river, the formation is well known to belong to the
upper, but not the highest portions, of the great western coal measures.

The section here near the Leavenworth landing, presents the following beds,
in descending order :

Feet.

1. Bluish gray clay, exposing a thickness of about 3

2. Hard gray layer of Fusulina limestone l

3. Yellow laminated clay 7

4. Hard gray argillaceous limestone with Fasulina 1

5. Gray fine grained argillaceous sandstone with fucoidal markings,
sometimes contains seams of limestone lto3

6. Gray, green and blue, rather indurated clay, with sometimes near
the base many compact concretions limestone 2

7. Hard light yellowish gray limestone, usually of bluish tinge far in
beyond the effects of weathering. Contains Spirifer cameratus, S. Ken-
tuckensis, S. lineatus, Spirigera subtilita, Orthisina 3Iissouriensis, Productus
splendens ? P. semireticulatus ? P. puslulosus and Fusulina cylindrica, together
with colums of Crinoids, and spines and plates of Archceocidaris ; also jaws
teeth of Xystracanthus arcuatus 15

8. Dark shale, passing up into gray less distinctly laminated clay 5

9. Hard dark bluish impure limestone, containing Fusulina cylindrica,
Spirigera subtilita, Productus Rogersi, P. Prattenianus, Area carbonaria?
an undetermined Monotis, Attorisma 9 Leavenworthensis, A. subcuneala, Mgalina
subquadrata, Leptodomus granosus, and a large Belerophon lg-2

10. Gray, more or less laminated clay, becoming darker near the upper
part, rising above the river 11

Attached to the surfaces of bed No. 9 there is usually from one to two inches
of soft dark argillo-calcareous matter containing great numbers of Orthisina
crassa, with the undetermined species of Pecten, Mytilus, Sckizodus, Pleuroto-
maria, &c.

All this section above No. 1 appears to vary considerably, at different places

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 9

some of the beds, being entirely wanting, or presenting quite different litbologi-
cal characters at other localities not far from here. Owing to the dip of the
strata, and partly to the fall of the river, the bed of limestone No. 7, which is
elevated eighteen feet above the river where this section was taken, rises as
much as twenty-five feet above the level of the river, at a distance of one mile
or less below ; and on following the outcrop of these rocks along the shore
above Leavenworth city, they were found to sink gradually beneath the water,
so that at Fort Leavenworth landing, two miles above, (in a north direction
from the exposure first examined) all of beds No. 8, 9 and 10, as well as two
or three feet of No. 7, were submerged. Should this dip continue at the same
rate, without local undulations, the whole of No. 7 must pass beneath the river
in less than two miles above the Fort.

Immediately above No. 1 of this section, we saw no exposures of rock in
place, but on a small stream about two and a half miles below Leavenworth
city, and perhaps one and a half miles back from the river, there is an outcrop
of soft fine grained yellow sandstone, showing a thickness of twenty-four feet,
underlaid by a bed of blue clay of which a thickness of about four feet was ex-
posed. We had no opportunity to determine the elevation of these beds above
the river with sufficient accuracy to form a definite conclusion whether
or not they hold a position above the section seen near the Leavenworth land-
ing, though we incline to the opinion that they come in above it.

In ascending the hills back of Leavenworth city we observed no outcrops of
rock along the slopes, until near the summit, where at an (estimated) elevation
of about two hundred feet above the highest bed of the section at the river,
there is an exposure of hard bluish-gray impure limestone, weathering to a
yellowish tinge, the beds of which are separated at places, by partings of clay.
Of this rock we saw a thickness of sixteen feet. It is much used for building
purposes and quarried rather extensively back of Fort Leavenworth .At one of
these quarries, amongst the loose material thrown out by the workmen we
found specimens of Spirifer cameratus, S. Kentuckensis, S. planoconvexa, S. hemipli-
cata, Spirigera subtilita, Productus semireticulatus, P. Noriooodi, Leplodomus
Topekaensis, Fusulina cylindrica, Tercbratula millepunctata, and fragments of
Crinoids, with Chtztetes and Fenestella of undetermined species.

Above the quarry there is a slope of some forty or more feet to the summit
of the hills, apparently occupied by clays ; and the quarrymen informed us that
there is immediately under the bed of limestone an eight feet bed of clay,
beneath which they had made no excavations.

West of this locality, the surface of the country soon descends gradually into
a depression connected on the north with the valley of a small stream flowing
into the Missouri above Fort Leavenworth. In this immediate neighborhood
the face of the country is slightly inclined to be hilly, but the soil is rich, and
the long gentle slopes are clothed in the spring and summer months with a
luxuriant growth of prairie grass. From several points near here, we had a
fine view of the broad rich valley, with its beautiful groves and scattering farm
houses along the little stream to the north of us.

Beyond this, the road after passing over some undulations, ascends to the
summit of the country, which is rich elevated prairie land. At several places
near the upper part of the slopes some five or six miles from Leavenworth, we
met with outcrops of light grey limestone, apparently in ten to twelve inch
layers, containing Fusulina, Productus semireticulatus, Chcetetes, and small
Cyathophylloid corals. These beds probably belong to the same horizon as the
limestone near the top of the bluff's back of Leavenworth, or may even hold a
higher position.

At Big Stranger creek, some fourteen or fifteen miles west of Leavenworth
city, the following section was abserved in descending order :

Feet.

1. Slope, without any exposure of rocks, 60

2. Layers of limestone, weathering yellowish, containing Spirifer came-
ratus and Fusulina cylindrica 8

1859.]

10 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

3. Slope probably occupied by shale or clay 40

4. Grayish yellow limestone, with Fusulina cylindrica and Spirigera sub-
tilita 5

5. Bluish gray soft shale, or laminated clay with occasional harder
sandy seams 38

6. Coal immediately overlaid by one inch of cone-in-cone J

7. Bluish gray laminated clay or soft shale, extending down to the creek 18
Again, on Little Stranger creek, some twelve miles south west of Leaven-
worth city, there is a somewhat similar exposure, containing a twenty inch
bed of coal. This bed is worked to some extent on the land of Mr. Charles
Stone, where the following section may be seen in the descending order :

Feet,

1. Light gray, or bluish gray, soft calcareous sandstone with harder
layers containing much argillaceous matter, with Productus splendens ?
Myalina subquadrata, an undetermined Jllonotis, and many fucoidal mark-
ings ; exposing a thickness of 15

2. Blue laminated clays more or less arenaceous above 26

3. Coal If

4. Bluish gray somewhat ferruginous clay rising above the creek 4

We have no means of determining what relations the rocks composing these

two sections bear to the exposure at Leavenworth, but we think- they hold a
position between the bed of limestone seen near the top of the hills back
of Leavenworth city, and the upper bed of the section near the Leavenworth
landing.

Between Big Stranger and Grasshopper creeks, the road passes over a beauti-
ful rich prairie, elevated about 350 or 400 feet above the Missouri. In cross-
ing this prairie we met with no exposures of rock, the whole being covered by
heavy Quaternary deposits, into which wells have been sunk at several places,
from thirty to seventy feet without striking solid rock in situ. At one or two
places, however, we saw masses of limestone which had been quarried for
building purposes along a little stream two or three miles north of the road.
These contained amongst other fossils Spirifer cameratus, Orthisina umbraculum?
Fusulina cylindrica, and fragments of Fenestella, with spines and plates of Archao-
cidaris. We had no opportunity to examine the quarry from which this rock
was obtained, but were informed that the bed is some sixty or seventy feet
below the summit of the higher portions of the surrounding country.

In descending from this elevated prairie into the valley of Grasshopper creek,

at Osawkee village, we observed,

Feet.

1. A bed of hard gray limestone near the summit of the slopes, contain-
ing great numbers of Fusulina 8

2. Slope, no rocks exposed, about 55

3. Outcrop of Fusulina limestone, apparently 3

4. Slope, no rocks exposed ."." ^

5. Gray or bluish gray limestone, weathering yellowish, containing
Pleurotomaria humerosa, P. subturbinata, and a large undetermined species
of Bellerophon ; also Allorisma ? Leavemuorthensis, Myalina subquadrata,
Pinna undt., Spirifer cameratus, S. planoconvcza and Productus aquicostatus,
with great numbers of Fusulina cylindrica 3

6. Dark gray indurated clay 2

7. Rather soft argillaceous limestone 4

The fact that several of the fossils seen here in bed No. 4 are the same spe-
cies found in No. 5, of the section at Leavenworth landing, would seem to in-
dicate that these beds occupy the same geological horizon. It is very difficult,
however, to identify the same beds at different localities amongst these forma-
tions, in consequence of the fact that the fossils found in them usually have a
great vertical range, and exactly similar strata are often repeated in various
parts of the series. Should it prove *o be the case that they do occupy the
same geological horizon, it would show that there is here a gentle eastward

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 11

dip ; for the lowest bed of this section on Grasshopper creek, cannot be less
than 100 feet higher than the base of the section at Leavenworth city.

Still we incline to the opinion that the strata near here, if not almost hori-
zontal, or merely undulating, have a general inclination towards the west, or
somewhat north of west, and that the exposure on Grasshopper creek, is com-
posed of much more modern beds than those near the landing at Leavenworth
city. At any rate we saw an exposure at Lawrence landing, on the Kan-
sas, composed of ledges of limestone, overlaid by clay, and having a decided
dip to the west or north of west, at a rate of not less than fifty feet to the mile.
This limestone consists of an upper hard gray layer, about three feet in thick-
ness, resting on a soft gray arenaceous bed, of which some one or two feet were
visible above the surface of the river when examined by us. In these beds we
saw Spirigera subtilita, Productus splendens? and Myalina subquadrata. Above
these, about eleven feet of gray laminated clay were exposed, the upper part of
the bed having a more yellowish tinge, and containing more arenaceous matter
than the lower.

If these beds continue to rise at the same rate towards the east, they must of
course run out on the summit of the highest part of the country not far east of
Lawrence ; and the same inclination to the west or north west, would take them
far beneath the horizon of the base of the section seen on Grasshopper creek.

Above this exposure at Lawrence landing, there is a space of about 160 feet
in which no outcrops were seen excepting some red and blue clays near the
upper part of the hills, back of the town. Just above these clays, some ledges
of gray limestone were seen, apparently altogether about eight feet in thick-
ness, containing Fusulina cylindrica, Spirigera subtilita, and Spirifer cameratus.

West of Grasshopper creek, on both sides of the Kansas, the country becomes
lower near the river, but at a distance of some ten or twelve miles back, on the
north side, it appears to be nearly as elevated as on the east of Grasshopper
creek. Between this higher country and the Kansas, there is a plateau, appa-
rently elevated not more than sixty feet above the broad level prairie bottoms
along the river; while on the south of the Kansas, some five or six miles south
west of Topeka, there are some isolated hills apparently of the same elevation
as the high country north of the Kansas.

At several places soon after crossing Grasshopper creek, we met with some
highly fossiliferous beds along the small streams, at an elevation of apparently
about eighty feet above the Kansas. Below we give a section of these beds
seen at a locality some eight miles south west of the point where the exposures
mentioned on Grasshopper creek were observed :

Feet.

1. Rough seams and layers of concretionary limestone of bluish tinge
with partings of clay, containing Terebr alula millepunctata, Spirigera subtilita,
Spirifer cameratus, S. Kenluckensis, Retzia Mormonii, Rhynchonella Uta, Pro-
ductus Norwoodii,P. splendens ?P. semireticulatus, P. Prattenianus, Orthisina,
similar to 0. umbraculum, also Fenestella and Chcetetes of undetermined
species 4

2. Black shale, shading upwards gradually into laminated blue clay 2\

3. Hard blue or gray limestone, with Spirifer cameratus, Spirigera subtilita,
Myalina, Fecial, c 1

4. Bluish gray soft clay, with seams of hard limestone 3

5. Light gray, somewhat granular limestone with a few round grains,
and very small pebbles of quartz 2

At another place on the south side of the Kansas, about twelve miles south
west of the point where the last section was seen, there is an abrupt bluff near
the old Baptist Mission, composed of the following beds in the descending
order :

Feet,

1. Slope, no rocks exposed 20

2. Hard yellowish gray limestone, with fragments of fossils 4

3. Slope, no rock exposed IS

1859.]

12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

4. Light gray, rather hard fine grained sandstone 3

5. Slope 20

6. Fine grained sandstone, in thin layers, not well exposed apparently 2

7. Slope, with occasional outcrops hard gray limestone 16

8. Yellowish and dark gray laminated clay, or soft shale, with layers and
nodular concretions of argillaceous carbonate of iron, near base* 90

9. Hard bluish argillaceous limestone, of which there was exposed in the
bed of a small stream, not more than 13 or 15 feet above the river, a thick-
ness of 1

After passing this locality, we heard of a coal mine some three or four miles
south of here, near the base of an isolated hill, known as Shunganunga Mound.
We did not visit this mine, but were informed that it is considerably above the
summit of the last section, and that the bed is about 18 inches in thickness.
The coal is said to be of good quality.

Above here on both sides of the Kansas, the country continues to be rather
low, no part of it being apparently more than two hundred feet above the river.
For a long distance above this, there is a beautiful broad, level bottom prairie,
on the nonh side of the Kansas, extending back from four to six miles, and as
much as eighteen or twenty miles along the river. Bounding this on the north,
the country rises by a gentle grassy slope to an elevation of from sixty to about
one hundred feet, furnishing the most beautiful sites for dwelling houses.

For a considerable distance above the locality where the exposure near the
old Baptist Mission was examined, the hills especially near the river on the
south side, appear to be mainly composed of rather heavy deposits of laminated
clays and shales, with soft sandstones and occasional thin beds of limestone,
containing the usual fossils of the upper carboniferous series. At the crossing
of Mission creek, at an elevation of perhaps not more than twenty-five or
thirty feet above the Kansas, exposures were observed consisting first above of
five feet of light gray laminated clay, resting upon two or three feet of soft
yellow sandstone, which passes down into laminated arenaceous clays, of which
some eight or ten feet were exposed above the creek.

Some fifteen or sixteen miles west of the point where the road crosses Mis-
sion creek, at a locality six or seven miles south of the Kansas, there is a high
elevation known by the name of Buffalo mound, rising as much as four hun-
dred and fifty or sixty feet above the river. At one place a large creek called
on the maps, Upper Mill creek, sweeps close along the northern base of this
elevation, and has carried away the loose debris so as to leave the lower strata
well exposed. The section here beginning at the summit of this hill is,

Feet.

1. A slope of about 160 feet, along the lower forty feet of which we
found loose specimens of Spirifer cameratus, S. planoconvexa, Eetzia Mor-
monii, Productus splendens? Chenctes Verneuiliana, C. mucronata, and Fusulina
cylindrica, var. veniricosa, with fragments of Chcetetes, Crinoids, c, of unde-
termined species

2. Bluish gray limestone in two layers, the upper of which contains
columns of Crinoids, Productus Calhounianus, #c, while Myalina subquad-
rata, Orthisina Missouriensis, Allorisma, Pinna, Monolis, Sfc, of undetermined
species, occur in the lower 3

3. Slope with no exposures of rock 96

4. Rather hard mottled brown and light gray compact limestone, with

a few Orinoid columns ; may be thicker, but only showing a thickness of.... 3

5. Brown, whitish and green clays, with rugged white calcareous con-
cretions 4

6. Fine argillaceous sandstone, with streaks of yellow and brown colors.. l

7. Ash colored clay 10

*There may be some thin beds of limestone in this portion of the section, as every
part of this ninety foot bed was not well exposed,

[[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13

8. Clays of red or brownish colors above ; blue and green below 3|

9. Deep brown clay, with rugged concretions of same color ... 3

10. Hard light bluish limestone, with some rather large columns of

Crinoids, Choneles, Vernez/iliana, Sfc 2J

11. Brown, ash colored, and blue laminated clays, which are more or
less arenaceous, with near the middle some 5 or 6 inches black shale 46

12. Gray and purple argillaceous limestone, with Pinna, Productus,
and a few Fusulina 1^

13. Green laminated clay 4

14. Two or three layers of soft fine grained sandstone, more or less ar-
gillaceous, and separated by seams of clay 2

15. Bluish and ash colored clays 21

16. Alternate layers of hard bluish gray limestone, and seams of clay
with sandy concretions 3

17. Rather hard yellowish limestone, with Fusulina 2

18. Ash colored clay, not very well exposed 15

19. Yellowish impure limestone with Fusulina 2

20. Ash colored laminated clays above the creek 5

About three hundred yards below where this section was taken, the creek

was observed to fall nearly a foot, over a ledge of hard limestone ; and one
mile further down, the bed of the creek is composed of a hard yellow lime-
stone containing great numbers of Fusulina. At these localities Mill creek is
probably not elevated more than thirty feet above the Kansas.

Near half a mile east, or south east, of the point where the Fusulina lime-
stone was seen in the bed of Mill creek, and at a somewhat higher elevation,
we saw apparently the same bed of Fusulina limestone showing a thickness of
three feet. Under this there was at one place exposed a thickness of some
four or five feet of very fine yellow sandstone with minute specks of Mica.
These exposures indicate a moderate dip of the strata towards the west or
north west.

On the north side of Kansas, in a direction a little west of north, and about
sixteen miles from the last mentioned localities, we observed an outcrop on a
small stream marked " Last Creek" on the maps, presenting the following sec-
tion, descending :

Feet.

1. Seams yellow magnesian limestone, alternating with clay, showing a
thickness of about 8

2. Yellow soft granular magnesian limestone, containing Productus Nor-
woodi, and an undetermined species of Myalina 4

3. Fine laminated black shale 1

4. Gray rather soft argillaceous limestone 1

5. Blue somewhat indurated very fine calcareous clay containing at its
junction with the next bed below, Chonctes, Synocladia biserialis, Chcstetes,
and fragments of Crinoids 9

6. Seams hard, compact gray limestone, alternating with softer argillo-
calcareous matter, and containing casts of many small Cypricardia-like
shells, small Murchisonia, Pleurotomaria, Macrocheilus, Naticopsis, Bcllero-
phon } &c 2

7. Bluish laminated clays weathering to drab color 4

8. Yellow rather soft granular magnesian limestone, with embedded
fragments of harder more compact do o

9. Bluish indurated calcareous clays 3

The base of this section is evidently not elevated much above the Kansas,

as it extends down to the bottom of a deep ravine formed by the creek, while
its top appeared to be nearly on a level with the surface of the bottom prairie in
the Kansas valley. These beds dip a little to the north west, and are very si-
milar, especially the magnesian limestones, to some of the Permian strata hold-
ing a position far above this in the series, some considerable distance west of

1859.]

14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

here. Only about three miles further west, we saw the following exposure on
Vermilion creek :

Feet.

1. Slope of about fifteen feet, with near the base some ledges of gray lime-
stone, amongst loose fragments of which we picked up specimens of" Spiri-
gera subtilita, Spirifer hemiplicata, Productus Norwoodi, and P. splendens? ... 15

2. Slope, no rock seen 26

3. Soft bluish and gray more or less laminated clays with irregular
sandy seams and concretions 12

4. Irregular hard blue calcareous seam one to six inches &

5. Blue clay 2

6. Soft decomposing more or less laminated sandstone 4

7. Blue clay one foot above the creek 1

Almost directly opposite these localities, on the south side of the Kansas,

some three or four miles back from the river, and nearly on a line between the
locality where we saw the exposures on " Last Creek " and Buffalo mound,
but considerably below the level of the summit of the latter, we examined
some exposures presenting beneath a slope of about eighty feet, in descend-
ing order :

Feet.

1. Hard bluish gray limestone of which there was exposed 1

2. Rough yellowish magnesian limestone with cavities lined with chal-
cedony 3

3. Bluish and ash colored clays 5

4. Layer much like No. 2 1

5. Yellowish green clay 20

6. Bluish gray limestone in two layers, the upper of which contains
columns of Crinoids, Productus Calhounianus, &c, while Myalina subquad-
rata, Orthisina Missouricnsis, Allorisma, Pinna, Monotis, &c, occur in the
lower 3

7. Bluish and ash colored clays exposing a thickness of 5

The bed No. 6 of this section is evidently the same as No. 2 of the section at

Buffalo mound (page 12), though here the dip of the strata has brought it
lower. Its elevation above the Kansas at Buffalo mound must be about two
hundred and fifty feet. "We had no means of estimating very accurately its
elevation where the last section was taken, though we do not think it as much
as one hundred and seventy-five feet above tbe Kansas.

Ten miles farther west, on the same side of the river, along a small, stream
marked " Deep creek " on the maps, at a point some four or five miles back
from the Kansas, and elevated perhaps as much as forty feet above it, some
outcrops were examined near Zeandale, presenting the following section, de-
scending :

Feet.

1. Long slope of about one hundred feet, no rocks seen 100

2. Dark argillaceous limestone, stained with iron, and containing frag-
ments of Crinoids 4

3. Soft decomposing argillaceous limestone 2

4. Very hard light yellow compact limestone in one massive bed, con-
taining great numbers of Fusulina, also Productus Calhounianus, &c 6

5. Ash-colored laminated clay 22

6. Hard decomposing argillaceous limestone with Fusulina 3

7. Blue, green, and ash-colored clay 18

8. Gray argillaceous limestone, with more or less ferruginous matter... 3

9. Light bluish clay somewhat laminated..... 7

10. White decomposing argillaceous limestone with Productus Calhoun-
ianus 1

We heard of a bed of coal some four or five miles above this on the same
creek, but were unsuccessful in an attempt to find the locality where it crops
out. We were informed, however, by Mr. Pillsbury, an intelligent gentleman

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 15

living at Zeandale, that the bed is from four to six inches in thickness, and
overlaid by about three and a half feet of blue shale, strongly impregnated
with alum. Above the latter, he said there is an eight or ten inch layer of dark
argillaceous material, weathering to an iron rust color, and containing many
nodular concretions, perhaps of carbonate of iron. From the information
obtained in regard to the location and elevation of this coal bed, we are in-
clined to believe it must hold a position a little below the horizon of the mid-
dle of the slope at the top of the foregoing section. It is probably the
highest bed of coal in the whole series of this region, at any rate we saw no
indications of coal above it.

About a mile or a mile and a half north of the locality where this coal bed
has been seen, the dividing ridge between the Kansas and Deep creek, rises to
an elevation of near three hundred and twenty feet above the latter stream at
the nearest point. Here at the summit of this ridge there are some thin out-
crops of gray and whitish argillaceous limestone, showing on weathered sur-
faces a somewhat laminated structure, and containing at places large spines of
a species of Archaocidaris ; beneath this there is about two feet of gray frag-
mentary limestone reposing on a more compact bed of hard gray limestone
near three feet in thickness, and often cellular in the middle. Along the slope
about one hundred and twenty feet below the horizon of these beds, we found
loose specimens of Spirifer cameratus, Orthisina wnbraculum? Rhynchonella Ula,Al-
lorisma, Synocladia biserialis, &c. Just below these, there were many loose slabs of
light yellowish fine grained calcareous sandstone, containing Productus, Pecten,
and Fucoidal markings. About forty-seven feet lower down the slope, and
near one hundred and fifteen feet above the level of the Kansas, there is an
exposure of light grayish yellow granular limestone, showing a thickness of
three feet, in which we only saw fragments of a Choneles, and Crinoid columns :
large tabular masses of this rock were strewed along the slope for some distance
below.

At the mouth of Big Blue river, on the south side of the Kansas, there is an
abrupt bluff, along which several slides have exposed many of the beds com-
posing the high ridge mentioned six or seven miles below here. The dip, how-
ever, of the strata towards the west, or north west, is so great that the lime-
stone containing spines of Archceocidaris, seen on the summit of the ridge be-
low this, at an elevation of about 320 feet above the Kansas, is here, opposite
the mouth of Big Blue river, only elevated about 214 feet above the Kansas ;
consequently the three feet of grayish yellow limestone cropping out 115 feet
above the Kansas along the slope of the ridge above mentioned, at the mouth
of Blue river, has sunk beneath the level of the Kansas.

This far we have scarcely attempted to draw parallels between the various
beds seen by us at different places, in consequence of the fact that our obser-
vations were isolated, as must necessarily be the case in a mere reconnois-
sance, extended over a large area in a short space of time. In addition to this,
the group of rocks examined presents no extensive beds of limestone or other
hard material, forming well marked horizons, or continuous lines of outcrop,
by which the relations between strata seen at different localities could be traced
out. This difficulty is also greatly increased by the frequent repetition of pre-
cisely similar beds at different horizons in the series, and above all by the
great vertical range of the organic remains. Consequently we have pre-
ferred to present separately the local sections examined, instead of attempting
to construct a continuous general vertical section showing the order of super-
position of the various strata. To do this successfully throughout all the va-
rious rocks of the whole Kansas valley, would require much more time than
we had at our command.

As our examinations along the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers above this
point were made in more detail, where the outcrops were more frequent and
continuous, we have, as we believe, been able to trace out the connections and
order of succession of the various strata with considerable accuracy. Hence,
we give below a general section of the rocks in this region, commencing with
1859.]

16 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

the Cretaceous sandstones on the summits of the Smoky Hills, lat. 38 30 / N.,
long. 98 W., and descending through the various intermediate formations
seen along the Smoky Hill and Kansas rivers, to the base of the bluff already
mentioned, opposite the mouth of Big Blue river, on the Kansas. It is true,
there are a few gaps in this section, where we were unable to see the beds
along some of the slopes, but as we know the position in the series, as well as
the extent of these gaps, it will be easy to determine, when a greater number
of exposures have been examined, the nature of the beds occupying them.

General section of the Rocks of Kansas Valley from the Cretaceous down, so as to
include portions of the upper Coal measures.

Feet.

1. Red, brown, and yellowish, rather coarse grained sandstone, often
obliquely laminated, and containing many ferruginous concretions ; also,
fossil wood and many leaves of dicotyledonous trees, some of which belong
to existing genera, and others to genera peculiar to the Cretaceous epoch.
Locality, summit of Smoky Hills 60

2. Whitish, very fine grained argillaceous sandstone, underlaid by bluish
purple and ash colored clays. Locality same as preceding 15

3. Long, gentle slope, with occasional outcrops of ash colored red, blue,
and whitish, more or less laminated clays, with thin beds of sandstone.
Locality same as preceding, and extending down at places nearly or quite to the
bluffs of Smoky IIUl river; thickness about 200

4. Red sandstone, with some layers of hard, light gray calcareous,
do., and both containing ferruginous concretions. Locality, bluffs Smoky
Hill river, five or six miles above Grand Saline river. Probably local, thick-
ness seen about 15

5. Bluish, red, light yellow, and gray clays, and soft claystones, with
sometimes a few thin layers of magnesian limestone. In many places
these clays have been traversed in every direction by cracks, into which
calcareous and argillaceous matter have found their way, and subsequently
become consolidated so as to form thin seams of impure yellowish
limestone, which cross and intersect each other at every angle. The
red clays are usually less distinctly laminated, contain more arenaceous
matter, and often show ripple marks on the surfaces. Locality, Bluffs along
Smoky Hill river, above the mouth of the Grand Salme 60

6. Light gray, ash colored, and red clays, sometimes arenaceous, and
often traversed by cracks, filled with calcareous matter as in the bed
above, alternating with thin layers and seams of gypsum. Locality, near
mouth Smoky Hill river 40

7. Rather compact amorphous white gypsum, with near the base dissemi-
nated crystals, dark colored do. Locality same as last 4 -J to 5

8. Alternations of ash colored, more or less arenaceous clays, with thin
beds and seams of gypsum above ; towards lower part, thin layers of clay-
stone, and at some places soft magnesian limestone. Locality same as last.. 50

9. Rough conglomerated mass, composed of fragments magnesian lime-
stone and sandstone, with sometimes a few quartz pebbles, cemented by
calcareous and arenaceous matter ; variable in the thickness and probably
local. Locality, south side Smoky Hill river, ten or twelve miles below Solo-
mon's Fork seen 18

10. Bluish, light gray, and red laminated clays, with seams and beds of
yellowish magnesian limestone, containing Monotis Hawni, Myalina perat-
tenuata, Pleurophorous? subcuneata, Edmondia"? Calhouni, Pecten undt. and
Spirigera near S. subtilita ; also Nautilus eccentricus, Bakevellia parva, Leda
subscilula, Axinus rotundatus, and undetermined species of Eellerophon,
Murchisonia, $c. Locality, near Smoky Hill river, on high country south of
Fort Riley, as well as on Cottonwood creek 90

11. Light grayish and yellow magnesian limestone, in layers and beds
sometimes alternating with bluish and other colored clays, and containing

[Jan

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 17

Solemya, a Myalina near M. squamosa, Pleurophorous? subcuneata, Bakevellia
parva, Pecten undt., and a Euomphalus near E. rugosus ; also, a Spirigera
allied to S. subtilita, but more gibbous, Orthisina umbraculum? 0. Shumardi-
ana, &c. Locality, summit of the hills, near Fort Riley and above there ; also
seen on Cottonwood creek 25 to 3."

12. Light grayish yellow, rather granular magnesian limestone, con-
taining spines and plates of Archaocidaris ; a few fragments of small Crinoid
columns, Spirifer similar to S. linealus, but perhaps distinct ; 'also same
Spirigera seen in beds above, Orthisina Shumardiana, 0. umbraculum? and Pro-
ductus Calhounianus. Forms distinct horizon near summit of hills in vicinity

of Fort Riley, also seen on Cottonwood creek 7 to 8

13. Soft argillo-calcareous bed, apparently local. Kansas Falls 5

14. Light grayish and yellowish magnesian limestone, containing many
concretions of flint, also the same Spirigera found in beds above, and Pro-
ductus Norwoodi P. Calhounianus, with Discina tenuilineata and an undeter-
mined Monotis. Fort Riley and below, also at Kansas Falls and on Cotton-
wood creek 38

15. Alternations, bluish, yellowish and brown clays, with a few thin
seams of limestone. Fort Riley, Kansas Falls; also beloiv Fort Riley, and

on Cottonwood creek 35

16. Light yellowish magnesian limestone, containing fucoidal markings,
fragments of small Crinoid columns, Pecten, Allorisma, Spirigera, Orthisina
umbraculum? 0. Shumardiana, Discina tenuilineata, c. Lower quarry at Fort
Riley, and at other places above and beloiv Fort R., as well as on Cottonwood
creek 4 to

17. Alternations of blue, red, and light gray clays, with sometimes thin
layers and seams of magnesian limestone. Fort Riley 28

18. Light gray and whitish magnesian limestone, containing Spirigera,
Orthisina umbraculum? 0. Shumardiana, Productus Calhounianus, Acantho-
ctadia Americana, and undt. sp. Cyathocrinus. Lower part containing many
concretions of flint. Fort Riley and on Cottonwood creek. Whole thickness
about 40

19. Brown, green, and very light gray clays, alternating ; contains near
the upper part fragments of Crinoid columns, Synocladia biserialis, spirigera,
Productus Norwoodi, Chonetes mucronata, Orthisina Shumardiana, Orthisina
umbraculum, fix., with teeth of Petalodus Alleghaniensis. Fort Riley 14

20. Alternations of rather thin layers light yellowish magnesian lime-
stone, and various colored clays ; the limestone layers containing 3Ionotis,
Synocladia biserialis, <$fc. Locality same as last 33

21. Slope, no rocks seen. Beloiv Fort Riley 25

22. Whitish, or very light gray magnesian limestone, rendered porous by
cavities left by the weathering out of numerous Fusulina. This is the high-
est horizon at which any remains of Fusulina were met with. Some four
miles below Fort Riley, along a creek on the south side of the Kansas, and appa-
rently not more than ten feet above it 2

23. Bluish, light gray, and brown clays, with occasional layers of mag-
nesian limestone. Chonetes mucronata, Orthisina umbraculum? Monotis, Fu-
sulina, Qc. Ten miles beloiv Fort Riley 35

24 Hard, very light yellowish gray magnesian limestone, with Fusulina,
and spines of Archaocidaris. Forms a marked horizon near the same locality
as last 6

25. Slope, with occasional exposures, thin layers of Fusulina, limestone,
and seams of gray limestone containing Myalina, Monotis, Pecten and frag-
ments of Synocladia biserialis. Near same locality as last 36

26. Light gray argillaceous limestone, showing on weathered surfaces a
somewhat laminated structure; contains large spines of Archaocidaris. Near
Ogden Ferry, and Manhattan 9

27. Gray limestone, often fragmentary, with much clay above ; lower
part hard, and more or less cellular in middle. Locality, same as last 5

1859.]

18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

28. Whitish clays and claystones, with a thin layer of hard compact
gray limestone near the middle. Locality same as last 10

29. Light greenish indurated clays. Same locality.. 3

30. Hard, heavy bedded, white argillaceous limestone, containing Mono-

lis and Avicula. Ogden Ferry, and below there 5

31. Very thinly laminated dark green shale. Three miles nearly east of
Ogden Ferry, on McDoioelVs creek ; also at Manhattan, on the Kansas 1

32. Light greenish and flesh-colored hard argillaceous limestone, with
Spirifer cameratvs. This is the highest horizon at which we found this
species. Same localities 3

33. Alternations of bluish, green, and red more or less calcareous lami-
nated clays, light gray limestones and claystones, with Pecten, Monotis and
fragments of Crinoid columns. Same localities 30

34. Alternations bluish, purple, and ash colored calcareous clays, passing
at places into claystones, and containing in a thin bed near the middle,
Spirifer planoconvexa, Spirigera subtilita, Productus splendens? Rhynchonella
Uta,kc. Locality same as preceding 12

35. Blue, light gray, and greenish clays, with occasional harder seams
and layers of claystone and limestone. Same locality 33

36. Somewhat laminated claystone of light gray color, with more or less
calc spar near lower part. Manhattan 19

37. Alternations of dark gray and blue, soft decomposing argillaceous
limestone, with dark laminated clays, or soft shale, containing great quan-
tities of Fusulina cylindrica, F. cylindrica, var. ventricosa, Discina Manhattan-
ensis, Uhoztetes, and fragments Crinoids; also, Choneles, Verneuiliana, C. mucro-
nata, Productus splendens? Retzia Mormonii, Rhynchonella Uta, Spirigera subti-
lita, Spirifer cameratus, S. planoconvexa, Euomphalus, near E. rugosus and
Synocladia biserialis ; also Cladodus occidentalis. Locality , same as last 18

38. Soft bluish shale, with yellow laminated arenaceous seams below,
containing Fucoidal markings. Same locality 25

39. Two layers gray argillo-calcareous rock, separated by two feet of
dark green and ash colored clays. The calcareous beds contain fragments

of Crinoids, Chonetes, and Myalina of undt. species. Same locality as last... 4J

40. Light greenish, yellow, and gray clays and claystones, extending
down nearly to high water mark of the Kansas, opposite the mouth of Blue
River 27

The foregoing general section of the strata seen along the valley of Kansas
and Smoky Hil! rivers, from the mouth of Blue river to the 98th degree of
west longitude, is presented in its present form more with a view of illustrat-
ing the vertical range of the organic remains found in these rocks, than as an
attempt to group the beds into formations that may be expected to preserve
their distinctive lithological characters throughout areas of any great extent.
As this has necessarily been done from a knowledge of only a portion of the
fossils characterizing these strata, it is quite probable, when more extensive
collections are obtained, that it may be found necessary even on this principle,
to classify and group the beds somewhat differently. We are also aware that,
some of these beds probably increase or diminish greatly in thickness, or may
even entirely thin out, at no very great distances from the localities where we
saw them.

Among the more peculiar features of the series of rocks represented by this
general section, and in part by the preceding local sections, may be mentioned
first, the great number of thin layers and beds ; and secondly, the frequent
repetition of similar beds at various horizons. Again, the almost entire ab-
sence of heavy massive strata of limestone, or other hard material possessing
sufficient durability to form perpendicular escarpments of much extent, is
worthy of note. As a general thing, the limestones vary from only a few inches
in thickness, to from one to three or four feet, and rarely, as in Nos. 14 and 18,
attain a thickness of from thirty-eight to forty feet. Although various light
colored laminated clays, and soft argillaceous shaly beds predominate, and

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 19

arenaceous material is not unfrequently present, it is somewhat remarkable,
that dark bituminous shales and beds of coal are rarely met with, even among
the outcrops seen along the Kansas, below the mouth of Blue river, belonging
to the upper coal measures, and holding a position below the base of the fore-
going general section ; while through a considerable thickness of beds belong-
ing to higher portions of the coal measures included in the lower part of this
section, as well as through the strata containing Permian fossils above, beds of
coal and dark carbonaceous shales appear to be almost, if not entirely wanting.
It will be observed we have in this general section, without attempting to
draw lines between the systems or great primary divisions, presented in regular
succession the various beds with the fossils found in each, from the Cretaceous
sandstone on the summits of the Smoky Hills, down through several hundred
feet of intermediate doubtful strata, so as to include the beds containing Permian
types of fossils, and a considerable thickness of rocks in which we find great
numbers of upper coal measure forms. We have preferred to give the section
in this form because, in the first place, the upper Coal measures of this region
pass by such imperceptible gradations into the Permian above, that it is very
difficult to determine, with our present information, at what particular horizon
we should draw the line between them, while on the other hand, it is equally
difficult to define the limits between the Permian and beds above, in which we
found no fossils.

Beginning near the base of this section, we find we have in great numbers
the following well known and widely distributed Coal measure fossils, viz. :
Fusulina cylindrical Chonetes Verneuiliana, Productus splendens, (or a closely al-
lied species,) Retzia Mormonii, Rhynchonella Uta, Spirigera subtilita, Spirifer ca-
meratus, S. planoconvexa, and a Euomphalus similar to E. rugosus of the Coal
measures, while the few new and undetermined species associated with these,
are, tor the most part, also decidedly more nearly allied to Carboniferous than
Permian forms. We should here remark, however, that we occasionally met
with a species of Monotis, allied to the Permian species M. Speluncaria and Sy-
nocladia biserialis, also regarded in the old world as a Permian genus, at horizons
far beneath the base of this section, between Manhattan and the Missouri. We
even found a single specimen of this Monotis as low down as bed No. 9, of the
section taken near the landing at Leavenworth City, which must occupy a
position several hundred feet below the lowest beds of the above section. Still
as this shell is very rare in these lower rocks, and the Synocladia is a distinct
species from the well known Permian form of the old world, while they are
both, at these horizons, associated with great numbers of the common well
known Coal measure species we can only regard their presence in these beds as
establishing the existence of these genera at an earlier period in this country,
than in the old world. This, it seems to us, is more philosophical than it
would be to place all this great thickness of strata, with their vast numbers of
well known Coal measure species, in the Permian, merely because we also find
with these occasionally a few forms which would in the old world be regarded
as characteristic of the Permian epoch.

Taking it for granted then, that we have carried this section down far enough
to include, not only all the beds containing almost exclusively Permian forms,
but a considerable portion of the upper Coal measures, it will be interesting
to notice, as we ascend in the series, how far each of the Coal measure species
mentioned in the lower part of the section, as well as of a few others that occur
above and below, range upwards. Thus we see that Fusulina cylindrica var.
Ventricosa, Chonetes Verneuiliana and Retzia Mormonii were not met with above
division No. 37 ; while Spirifer planoconvexa,Productus splendens ? and Rhynchonella
Uta, were not observed above 34, nor Spirifer cameralus above 32. Fusulina

* In Russia, Fusulina cylindrica is said to occur only in the upper part of the lower
Carboniferous series; but the fossil generally referred to that species in this country,
appears to be confined to the Coal measures. We have some doubts in regard to it*
identity with the Russian species.

1859.]

20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

cylindrica, of the slender variety so common in the Coal measures of Kansas
and Missouri, was not seen above 22; nor was any species or variety of
that genus observed above this horizon.

Apparently, the same species of Monotis, mentioned at various horizons far
beneath, were occasionally met with in 30, 25, 23, and 20, generally associated
with the same species of Synocladia, ranging far down into the upper Coal
measures. In division No. 19, we again met with the Synocladia biserialis, and
a Spirigera allied to S. subtilita, if not identical, along with a new species of
Chonetes we have called C. murcronata, which ranges down into the beds near
the base of the section. Along with these, were also Productus N~orwoodi, and
Orthisina, Shumardiana, both of which are common in the Coal measures far
below, and a large Orthisina similar to 0. umbraculum, but apparently more
findy striate.

Ascending through the intermediate beds to No. 12, we continue to meet with
nearly all the species mentioned in 19, with the exception of Chonetes mucronata.
We also have, first in 18, a large species of Productus, called P. Calhounianus
by Professor Swallow ; very similar to some varieties of P. semireticulatus, but
thought by Prof. S.,to present well marked internal differences. There is likewise
added in 16, a large Allorisma and a Spiriger similar to S. subtilita, hut much
more gibbous ; and in 14, Distina tenuilineatus, together with apparently the
same Monotis, so often mentioned below. In 12, we also have added a small
Spirifer, similar to S. lineatus, but perhaps more nearly allied to the Permian
species Martinia Clannyana, King.

The succeeding bed above, No. 11, appears also to contain a mingling
of Permian with Coal measure forms, for we have in it the following Permian
types, viz.: My aim a very similar to M. Squamosa, Pleurophorus ? subcuneata,
Bakevellia parva and Monotis Haumi along with a Euomplialus near E. rugosus,
the same gibbous Spirigera, similar to S. subtilita, Orthisina umbraculum? and
O. Shumardiana.

On passing into the next division above, No. 10, we find we have lost sight
of all the characteristic Carboniferous forms, unless the Spirigera mentioned in
some of the beds below be regarded as only a variety of S. subtilita, from which
however, we think it specifically distinct ; for with this exception, nearly all the
fossils seen by us in this division, are such as would be regarded as Permian
types. Although the number of species found by us in No. 10 is not great,
individual specimens are often numerous. Above this horizon we saw no more
fossils through a great thickness of various colored clays, claystoues, &c, until
ascending to the Cretaceous sandstones crowning the Smoky Hills.

If we do not admit the existence in this region of an intermediate group of
rocks, connecting by slight gradations the Permian above, with the Coal meas-
ures below, and must draw a line somewhere, below which all is to be regarded
as Carboniferous, and all above as Permian, we should certainly, upon palae-
ontological principles alone, carry this line up as far as the top of division
No. 11. The passage from the Carboniferous to the strata, containing Per-
mian types, however, is so gradual here, that it seems to us no one, under-
taking to classify these rocks without any knowledge of the classification
adopted in the old world, would have separated them into distinct systems,
either upon lithological or palaeontological grounds, especially as they are not,
so far as our knowledge extends, separated by any discordance of stratifica-
tion, or other physical break.* Indeed the fact that some of the Permian types
occurring in No. 10, were first introduced in beds below this, containing many
Carboniferous species, would seem to indicate that even No. 10, may possibly

* We have been informed by Dr. J. G. Norwood, former State Geologist of Illinois,
that the rocks in that State, referred by him and others to the same epoch as the Kansas
Permian beds, rest unconformably upon the Coal measures. This, however, would be
impossible in Kansas, since no disturbances of the strata occurred there, until after the
close of the Cretaceous era, which would, of course, not only cause the Cretaceous and
Carboniferous, but all intermediate beds, to dip at the same angle.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21

have been deposited just before the close of a period of transition from the con-
ditions of the Carboniferous, to those of the Permian epoch.

The apparent absence of fossils in the beds above No. 10, renders it impossi-
ble, with our present information, to determine with certainty the upper limits
of the series containing Permian forms. It is true, there is at places a
kind of conglomerated mass, occupying the horizon No. 9, which might appear
to form a natural line of division between the beds containing the Permian
fossils, and those above, in which we found no organic remains ; but this
seems to be local, and although there is a new feature presented by the zone
of gypsum deposits above it, we find between the beds and layers of gypsum,
and far above the horizon at which they occur, bluish, greenish, and other
colored clays, not only similar to those between the beds and layers of limestone
containing the Permian fossils in division No. 10, but also precisely like the
laminated clays between the beds of limestone of the upper Carboniferous
series far below. Again, in these clays of the gypsum zone, as well as through
a considerable thickness of clays above it, there are occasional seams of clay-
stone, which sometimes pass into seams of magnesian limestone, exactly like
some of those containing Permian fossils, in division No. 10. We saw no
fossils in these seams amongst the gypsum bearing beds, nor higher in the
series, but it is probable they may yet be found in some of the more calcareous
portions.

Another fact apparently indicating some kind of relation between the gypsum-
bearing beds, as well as some of the higher deposits, and the rocks below,
is, that we often find both in the clays between the beds of gypsum, and those
between the limestone containing the Permian fossils, the same peculiar appear-
ance caused by the cracking of the clays and subsequent infiltration of calcare-
ous matter, seen in division No. 5. At some places the thin plates of limestone
formed by the impure calcareous matter filling these cracks, may be seen rami-
fying through some rather thin beds of these clays in all directions, so as to
cross and intersect each other at every angle. Where beds of this kind have
been exposed for any length of time along near the tops of bluffs, the softer
clays filling the interstices, often weather out, so as to have a curious cellular
mass, with the numerous angular cavities.

From these fact3 we are inclined to suspect, though we are fully aware that
it is a question which can only be determined upon evidence derived from or-
ganic remains, that not only the gypsum-bearing deposits, but a large portion,
if not all, of division No. 5, belongs to the same epoch as the beds containing
the Permian fossils below.

Between No. 5, and the Cretaceous above, there is still a rather extensive
series of beds in which we found no organic remains ; these may be Jurassic
or Triassic, or both, though as we have elsewhere suggested, we rather incline
to the opinion that they may prove to belong to the former. As we have fully
discussed the question in regard to the Cretaceous age of the highest division
of the foregoing section in a paper read before the Academy in December last,
and in an article in the American Journal of Science, January, 1859, it is un-
necessary for us to add any thing further on that subject here.

As already stated, our observations along the Kansas valley, to within twelve
or fourteen miles of the mouth of the Big Blue river, were too isolated to a deter-
mine in all cases the relations between outcrops seen at different places. Con-
sequently, although we saw at several points along this part of the valley, in-
dications of a westward or north-westward inclination of the strata, we were
left in some doubt whether or not there is a general inclination of the rocks in
that direction, between Wabounse and the Missouri. Above this point, how-
ever, our observations being more connected, and the exposuies more continu-
ous, we were able to determine very satisfactorily that there is at least from
near Wabounse, a uniform dip towards the west or north-west, so that in as-
cending the Kansas valley from this region, we are constantly meeting with
more and more modern rocks, as those we leave behind pass beneath the level
of Kansas.

1859.]

22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

To illustrate this more clearly, we would, in the first place, remark that a
bed of light greyish yellow granular magnesian limestone, mentioned on page
12, as occupying a horizon about 115 feet above the Kansas, two or three miles
west of Zeandale, passes beneath the level of Kansas before reaching the
mouth of the Big Blue river, a distance of near seven miles ; while another
bed (No. 26 of the foregoing section) seen on the very summit of the hills two
or three miles north of Zeandale, at an elevation of about 320 feet above the
Kansas, was observed opposite Manhattan at the mouth of Big Blue river, only
some 214 feet above the Kansas. Again, bed No. 12 of the foregoing general
section, which was seen at a locality nearly opposite Ogden, at an elevation of
about 363 feet above the Kansas, is at Fort Riley, eight or nine miles further
west, elevated only some 215 feet above Kansas. Above Fort Riley tbis bed
forms a marked horizon, and can be followed by the eye without interruption
for several miles along the hills on both sides of the river. We observed it
gradually sinking as we ascended the Kansas valley, until at a point on Chap-
man's Creek, some fifteen miles a little south of west from Fort Riley, we saw it
nearly down on a level with the Kansas ; beyond this it was not again met with
on the noith side of the Kansas, but we saw it at somewhat higher elevations
on the south side of the river a little west of this.

As the distance by an air-line, from the locality nearly opposite Ogden,
where this rock occupies a horizon at an elevation of 363 feet above the Kansas
to the mouth of Chapman's Creek, is about 23 miles, the dip would appear to
be not far from 15^ feet to the mile. It must be borne in mind, however, that
the average fall of the Kansas, at least below Fort Riley, according to the
Barometrical observations of Col. Fremont and others, is near one and a half
feet to the mile, and that if we assume the distance by the windings of the
river between Chapman's Creek and Ogden, to be about thirty miles, it would
make the elevation of the Kansas at the former locality some forty-five feet
greater than at Ogden, which would reduce the dip to a fraction less than 14
feet to the mile. Still as the direction of the dip in this region is to the north
of west, and the direction of the mouth of Chapman's Creek from Ogden is
considerably south of west, it is probable the inclination of the strata here is
greater than the above figures would indicate, and that it may not be less than
twenty feet to the mile, in a north-west direction.

From the foregoing statements it will be seen that in consequence of the dip
of tbe strata to the north-west, and in some slight degree to the fall of the
Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, the whole of the foregoing general section be-
low No. 12 passes beneath the level of the Smoky Hill, between the mouth of
Blue river and Chapman's Creek. Consequently, the limestones of the succeed-
ing beds above being thinner and less durable than those below, and separated
by heavy beds of clay; we find, as might be expected, that the country here in
the region of the mouth of Chapman's Creek, is much lower than at Fort Riley
and. below.

On reaching the mouth of Solomon's Fork, we found the face of the country
characterized by long gentle grassy slopes, no part of it near the river being
apparently elevated more than about 60 or TO feet above its surface. A short
distance beyond this, we caught the first glimpse of the Smoky Hills, which
were seen in a direction a little south of west from us, rising above the sur-
rounding low country like dark blue clouds above the horizon. On approach-
ing these, we found them always situated several miles back from the river,
and rising some tbree hundred and fifty feet above it. The immediate bluffs
of the river here, are generally composed of divisions No. 4 and 5 of the fore-
going general section, and that portion of these hills above the level of the
summits of the bluffs along the river, is made up of division Nos. 3, 2, 1, of the
same section. On the south side of the river these hill have but a compara-
tively thin capping of the sandstone No. 1, but on the north side we saw it
showing a thickening on some of them of sixty feet.

From some of these hills on the north side of Smoky Hill river, between it
and the Grand Saline, we had an extensive and beautiful view of the surround-

[J

an.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 23

ing country. In the north and north-west, many similar hills were in sight,
and as the dip of the strata here is in that direction, it is probable some of
this are not only chiefly made up of the sandstone No. 1, but surmounted by
the other Cretaceous beds Nos. 2 and 3 of the Nebraska Cretaceous series ; in-
deed, Dr. Engleman found all these formations occupying this relation on Re-
publican river, not more than seventy miles north of this.*

Although this paper is merely designed to give a brief sketch of the leading
geological feature of those portions of north-eastern Kansas visited by us, we
cannot close it without alluding to the truly great agricultural and other natural
resources of this new and interesting Territory. We mean no disparagement
to other portions of the Mississippi valley, when we state, that after having
travelled extensively in the Great West, and after having seen many of its
most favored spots, we have met with no country combining more attractive
features than Kansas Territory. Her geographical position gives her a com-
paratively mild and genial climate, intermediate between the extremes of heat
and cold, while the rich virgin soil of her beautiful prairies is admirably
adapted to the growth of all the great staple grain and root crops of the west.

It is true that in some districts there is rather a deficiency of timber, but as
a general thing there is along the streams sufficient for the immediate wants of
the country. In addition to this, the wonderful rapidity with which forests
are known to have sprung up on similar prairie lands in Missouri, as the
country became settled so as to keep out the annual fires, shows that the
present scarcity of timber should not be regarded as presenting any serious
obstacle to the settlement of the most extensive prairie district in Kansas.

Before going out into the interior of the Territory, we had expected to find
the whole country immediately west of Fort Riley comparatively sterile ; on
the contrary, however, we were agreeably disappointed at meeting with scarcely
any indications of decreasing fertility as far as our travels extended, which
was about sixty miles west of Fort Riley. Here we found the prairies clothed
with a luxuriant growth of grass, and literally alive with vast herds of Buffalo
that were seen quietly grazing as far as the eye could reach in every direction.
Even on the high divide between the Smoky Hill and Arkansas rivers, south of
this, we found the soil rich and supporting a dense growth of grass ; and from all
we could learn from persons who have gone further out, the same kind of
country extends for a long distance beyond this, towards the west. Hence we
infer that the belt of unproductive lands between the rich country on the east,
and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains on the west, is much narrower than
is generally supposed ; and even this so-called desert country is known to pos-
sess a good soil, which may be rendered fruitful by artificial irrigation.

In regard to the mineral resources of Kansas, we have at present only time
and space to say a few words. As already stated, coal is known to exist,
though its extent is not yet fully determined, at several localities in the region
of Leavenworth City, while the geological structure of the country, as well as
discoveries already made, warrant the conclusion that this important and useful
mineral abounds at many localities south of there. Limestone suitable for
building purposes, and the production of quicklime, exist throughout large areas,
while inexhaustible beds of gypsum are known to occur at several places not
far west of the mouth of Solomon's river. Near this place we likewise saw in
the lower Cretaceous rocks crowning the summits of the Smoky Hills, deposits
of iron ore, but were unable to determine in the limited time at our command,
whether or not it exists in large quantities.

Of the discoveries of gold in the mountains on the western borders of Kan-
sas, much has been said ; nothing, however, but a thorough geological survey,
by authority of the Territorial or State government, (for Kansas must soon be
a State,) can lay before the public such full, accurate, and reliable information
on these subjects as will bring from the older States the capital, skill and
enterprise necessary to develop the great natural resources of the country.

1859.]

1 See Report of Secretary of War, Dec. 5th, 1857, page 497.

24 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

Note. It affords us much pleasure to acknowledge here our obligations to
Prof. Henry, of the Smithsonian Institution, for free access to the extensive
series of books on Geology, Palaeontology, &c, in the Smithsonian Library,
while investigating these and our former collections from the west : also for
the use of rooms in the Institution, and for many other favors of great value
to us.

We are likewise under especial obligations to Capt. Stewart Vanvliet, and
Mr. Levi Wilson of Fort Leavenworth, for favors while out in Kansas, without
which we could have accomplished nothing : we also received many civilities
from Major Sedgwick, Dr. T. G. Madison, Capt. W. S. Walker, and other officers
of the army at Fort Riley.

List of the species mentioned in this paper with some remarks on the synonymy, and
references to the works, in which they are described.

FORAMINIPERA.

Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer, Oryct. Moscow, p. 126, p. 18, fag. 1 5.

In Russia this species is said to occur only in the upper part of lower carbo-
niferous or mountain limestone. Yet the species usually referred to F. cylin-
drica in this country, so far as our knowledge extends, is not found below the
coal measures. From this fact, and some slight differences we observe between
our specimens and the figures of the Russian species, we suspect a careful
comparison of good specimens may possibly prove them to be distinct.
Ranges in Kansas from division No. 22, of the foregoing section, far down into
the coal measures. Found at numerous localities between Manhattan and the
Missouri, usually in great numbers.

Fusulina cylindrica, Tar. ventricosa, Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. Dec. 1858, page 261. Division No. 37, of foregoing general sectional
Manhattan on the Kansas, and at Juniata on big Blue river.

Bryozoa.
Synocladia biserialis. Prof. Swallow refers this species with doubt to S. virgu-
lacea, Philips, sp. in Transactions Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 179, and points
out some of the characters in which it differs, stating at the same time, in case
it should prove to be distinct, that biserialis would be a good specific name for
it. We regard it as quite distinct from Phillips' species, not only in scarcely
ever having more than two rows of cellules, but also because the ?gemuliferous
vesicles, instead of being merely " tubercular and open at the summit," have
the form of short, but distinct spines apparently closed and rather obtusely
pointed at the apex. The branches or connecting process are likewise less
distinctly angulated between the longitudinal stems, than in S. viryulacea.
Occurs at Fort Riley in No. 19 of foregoing general section, and at various lower
horizons on the Kansas below there, down into the upper coal measures.

Acanthocladia Americana. In the Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 180,
Prof. Swallow refers this species with a query to A. anceps, Schlot. sp. and re-
marks that it differs from that species in having "the rows of cellules diagonal
to the axis of the stems, instead of longitudinal, as represented by King, and
on ridges like that figured by Goldfuss.'' He also further remarks that " it is
less regularly branched, and not so distinctly pinnated as those delineated by
Goldfuss and King." In the specimens in our collection, the cellules are more
numerous, and much more crowded, than in A. anceps as figured by King The
specific name Americana, was suggested by Prof. Swallow.

We found this species in Division No. 18, of the foregoing general section, on
Cottonwood Creek.

ECHINODERMATA.

Cyathocrinus ? A few scapular plates bearing some similarity to those of C.
ramosus, Schlot. sp. were met with by us in division No. 18, but they are pro-
portionably much thicker, and the articulating surfaces quite different.
Cottonwood Creek.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 25

Archceocidaris ? In No. 12, we found spines and detached plates of apparent-
ly an undescribed species of this genus, but they were too much weathered to
show clearly the specific characters. The spines are rather slender, terete,
nearly straight, and provided with short scattering spinous processes, directed
rather obliquely outwards and forward.
Cottonwood Creek.

Archceocidaris ? The spines of this species are much larger than the last,

and apparently destitute of spinous processes. They are as much as from three
to four inches in length, nearly or quite straight, and not flattened or com-
pressed.

Division No. 26, Manhattan and in same position on Cottonwood Creek.

Brachiopoda.

Discina tenuilineata n. sp. We have only seen the lower valve of this species,
which is extremely thin, nearly orbicular, and provided with a narrow perforation
extending from very near the centre about half way out to the margin. The
inner surface is ornamented by distant, extremely slender, distinctly elevated
lines of growth, arranged concentrically around a point very nearly in the mid-
dle of the valve. The apex of the upper valve was probably nearly central.
Diameter 0-50 inch.

Locality and position. Cottonwood Creek, division No. 16.

Discina Manhattanensisn. sp. Shell rather small, nearly circular ; upper valve
moderately elevated, apex rather obtusely pointed, located a little less than half
the diameter of the shell from the posterior edge. Surface black and shining,
marked by fine closely set concentric lines. Lower valve unknown. Greater
diameter from 0-32 in. to 0-46.

Found in great numbers in division No. 37, opposite Manhattan, on Kansas
river.

Productus splendens (.?), Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
N. S. vol. 3, pi. fig. 5. We refer this shell to the above species with some doubt ;
it is always smaller than the figure given by Norwood and Pratten, and rather
more convex over the visceral region of the larger valve, while the smaller valve
appears to want the band-like flattening around the border mentioned in the
description of P. splendens. The ears extend beyond the body of the shell,
are distinctly vaulted, and rarely have more than one spine on each, often none.
The spines, however, are more numerous over the surface of the larger valve,
being in this respect more like P. muricatus'8. and P., but both valves want the
concentric wrinkles represented in the figures of that species.

This neat little Productus is found in great numbers between Fort Riley and
Manhattan, as well as at the latter place, in Division No. 34 ; also at various
horizons below that in the upper coal measures of Kansas.

Productus Norivoodi, Swallow, Trans. Acad. Sci. St, Louis, vol. 1, p. 182. A
few specimens of this species in our possession have the extreme point of the
beak of the larger valve flattened or truncate, aa though it had in the young
state been attached to some marine body by that part of the shell. We have
also in several instances found other shells associated with this species, with
small discs not more than 0-20 inch in diameter, attached by the whole surface,
as well as by a series of small spines seen radiating from the margin. May not
these little bodies be the young of this species?

We think the specimen figured by Prof. Marcou in his work on the Geology
of North America, plate 6, fig. 1, as P. pustidosus, is the same as the above spe-
cies, and quite distinct from P. pustidosus. It occurs in Kansas at various ho-
rizons from No. 14 far down in the upper Coal measures. We found it at Fort
Riley and numerous places between there and the Missouri, as well as at Leav-
enworth city.

1859.]

26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Productus Rogersi, Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. N. S.
vol. ill, page 9, pi. 1, fig. 3. This species is nearly related to the last, and
when the shell is exfoliated, may be easily confounded with it. P. Nor-
woodi, however, appears never to have the distinct concentric wrinkles of this
species, nor do the pustules, at the base of the spines have the tendency to elon-
gate into indistinct ribs as in P. Rogersi. Prof. Marcou has figured in N. Am.
Geol. pi. 5, fig. 6, as Productus scabriculus, a shell very like this.

Kansas valley below Mouth Blue river, in upper Coal measures.

Productus pustulosus (?) Phillips' Geol. Yorkshire, vol. 2, p. 316, pi. 7, fig 15.
We have a specimen agreeing very nearly with this species in its external
markings, but it is much narrower, and the beak of the larger valve more ex-
tended, in which respect it differs quite as much from P. punctatus.

Near Steam Boat Landing at Leavenworth city, in Coal measures.

Productus Prattenianus, Norwood, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. N. S. vol. 3, p.
L7, pi. 1, fig. 10. In Coal measures at Indian creek and at Leavenworth city.

Productus Calhounianus, Swallow, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 181.
This fine large shell is scarcely distinguishable from P. semireticulatus var. anti-
qvus. but Prof. Swallow, who has seen the interior, thinks it presents well
marked internal differences. It occurs in No. 12 and below, at Fort Riley, also
on Cotton-wood creek. Prof. S. thinks it even ranges down into the lower Car-
boniferous.

Chonetes Verneuiliana, Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vol.
3, p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 6, N. S. Occurs in Kansas in division No. 37, at Manhattan,
and perhaps in upper Coal measures at lower horizons.

Chonetes mucronata, Meek and Hayden, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec,
1838, page 262. Lower part of the section at Fort Riley, (division 9) and down
near the base of the foregoing general section, also in same position on Cotton-
wood creek.

Orthisina crassa, Meek and Hayden, Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Dec. 1858,
p. 261. Occurs in Coal measures near landing at Leavenworth city.

Orthisina umbraculum? Schlot. sp. Petrefakt. 1, p. 256, et 2, p. 67. We find
in Kansas, ranging from 16 to 19 of foregoing sections, many specimens of a
large species of Orthisina having almost exactly the form and other characters
of 0. umbraculum, excepting that the striae appear to be more numerous. Ac-
cording to Koninck that species has about 108 striae on each valve, while on our
Kansas specimens, we count from 160 to 200 ; consequently we suspect it may
be a distinct but closely allied species; if so, we would propose to designate it
by the name of O. multistriata. We found it at Fort Riley and at several lo-
calities between there and Blue river; also in same position on Cottonwood
creek.

Orthisina Missouriensis, Swallow, Tra ns. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, vol. 1, p. 219.
This is a very peculiar plicated species, often much distorted. When partly
embedded in the matrix, it frequently bears a striking resemblance to Plicatula
striato-costata, Cox, 3d vol. Dr. Owen ; s report on the Geol. Survey of Kentucky,
page 558, pi. 8, fig. 7, of Atlas. Common in the upper Coal measures of Kan-
sas, at Leavenworth city and west of there.

Orthisina Shumardiana, Swallow, Trans, St. Louis Acad. Sci. vol. 1, p. 183-
Although like the last, a plicated species, this is more symmetrical, and
presents other well marked differences. Ranges from No. 11, down some dis-
tance in upper Coal measures. Found at Fort Riley and between there and
Blue River.

Terebratula millepunctata, Hall, Pacific Rail Road Report, vol. 3, p. 101, plate
2, figs. 1 2. We have the impression that this species is probably identical
with T. bovidens, Morton (Silliman's Jour. vol. 29, p. ) from Ohio. Our Kan-

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 27

sas specimens appear, however, to be more elongated than those figures by Dr.
Morton, and may be distinct. In form they resemble very much some varieties
of Epithyris elongata, Schlot. sp. as figured by King, in Perm. Fos. Eng. pi. vi.,
particularly the narrower varieties, such as fig. 35. The beak of our Kansas
shell, however, is not truncate but pointed, the perforation being on the outside,
and a little removed from the extremity. If it is identical with T. bovidcns,
Morton's specific name will have to take precedence, being the older. It re-
mains to be determined whether its internal characters agree with Terebratula,
as now restricted.

Thi3 is a rather common form in the upper Coal measures of Kansas, and
southward. We found it near the summit of the hills back of Leavenworth city,
also at Indian creek near Indianola, &c.

Rhynchonella Uta. {Terebratula Ufa, Marcou, Geol. N. A., p. 51, pi. vi.'fig 12.)
We have from the upper Coal measures in Kansas many specimens of a species
agreeing exactly with Prof. Marcou's description of the above species. These
we suspect may possibly go into the genus Carrier ophoria, King, if not into Rhyn-
chonella] at any rate they are certainly not Terebratula. We are inclined to the
opinion that ashell described by Prof. Swallow, in the Trans. Acad- Sci. St.
Louis, vol. 1, page 219, under the name of Rhynchonella (Camerophoria) Osagen-
$is, may be identical also with the above ; yet Prof. S. says his species has from
" two to six " plications in the sinus of the dorsal valve, while in the shell
before us, of which we have quite a number of specimens, there are invariably
but two plications in the sinus.

Quite common in division No. 94 at Manhattan and at several localities be-
tween there and the Missouri, in the Upper Coal Measures. Prof. Marcou, cites
it as a mountain limestone species, but we know nothing of its existence in
rocks of that age.

Retzia Mormonii. 'Terebratula Mormonii, Marcou, Geol. N. A., p. 51,pl.vi., f. 11.)
We found this species quite abundant in division 37, at Manhattan, where it is
associated with the last. It also ranges far below this in the upper Coal meas-
ures between Manhattan and the Missouri, being quite common near the sum-
mits of the hills back of Leavenworth city. Dr. B. F. Shumard has described
a species in the Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, under the name of Retzia punctilife-
ra, which we suspect may possibly be a variety of the above; but as he de-
scribes it as having usually in the dorsal valve " a moderately wide, shallow si-
nus, which extends from the front nearly to the beak," and the species before
us, of which we have many specimens, has no traces of a sinus, we are left in
doubt. In other respects his description agrees exactly with our shell, and he
also states that he has it from K. T. Prof. Marcou found this species at the
Salt Like City, Utah, in a rock he refers to the mountain limestone. We have
never seen it from below the Coal measures.

Spirifer Kentuckensis, Shumard, Geol. Survey of Missouri, part 2, page 203.
Found in upper Coal Measures near the top of bluffs, back of Fort Leavenworth,
also near the landing at Leavenworth City, and at other localities between the
Missouri and Blue river.

Spirifer cameratus, Morton, American Jour. Sci. vol. 29, p. 150, plate 11, fig 3.
This is the same species as has been determined by Prof. Hall, described by
Dr. Roemer as S. Meusebachanus. (Kreid von Texas, p. 88, pi. xi. fig. 7) and sub-
sequently by himself as S. triplicatus, in Stansburv's Rept. p. 420, pi. iv. fig. 5.
Prof. Marcou has recently figured it in his work on the Geol. North America,
page 49, pi. viii. fig. 3, as a variety of Spirifer striatus, Martin, from which it is
quite distinct. He found it at Pecos Village in a rock he refers to the lower
Carboniferous or mountain limestone. It has a great geographical range, be-
ing common in the coal Measures from Pennsylvania to the Rocky Mountains,
and from Nebraska to New Mexico; we have never seen it, however, from lower
Carboniferous rocks.

1859.]

28 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Spirifer hemiplicata, Hall. Stansbury's report, p. 409, pi. 4, fig. 3. Upper
Coal Measures near summit of hills back of Leavenworth, and at other local-
ities between there and Blue River.

Spirifer lineatus. Anomites lineatus, Martin. Spirifer lineatus of Phillips. Geol-
Yorks., 2, p. 219, pi. 10, tig. 17, and of other authors. We have, from near
Leavenworth landing, in the coal measures, a Spirifer, apparently identical with
the above. It appears not to range very high in the upper coal measures of
Kansas.

Spirifer . In division No. 12, above Fort Riley, we found a few imperfect

specimens of a small, smooth Spirifer, similar in some respects, to S. lineatus,
but apparently more like Martinia Clannyana, King, from the Permian of Eng-
land.

Spirifer planoconvexa, Shumard. Geol. Report, Missouri, 2d part, p. 202.
We found this handsome little shell quite abundant in the upper coal measures
(divisions 34 and 37,) at Manhattan ; also at Juniata, on Big Blue River, and near
summit of hills, back of Leavenworth City.

Spirigera subtilita. (Terebratula subtilita, Hall. Stansbury's Report, p. 409,
pi. 4. fig. 1-2.) Spirigera subtilita of Dr. George Shumard. Trans. St. Louis
Acad. Sci., vol. i.

This is a very abundant species in Kansas ; we found it ranging up, at least as
far as division No. 37, at Manhattan, and met with some obscure forms re-
sembling it, still higher in the series. From these horizons, it, ranges far down
in the other members of the coal measures. Several of our specimens col-
lected at Leavenworth City, show that it was provided with internal spiral ap-
pendages, as in the Spirifer, and consequently cannot remain in the genus Te-
rebratula, as now restricted. It has a wide geographical range, and is almost
everywhere the companion of Spirifer earner atus. Prof. Marcou figures it in
his work on the Geology of North America, pi. vi. fig. 9, from a formation in
the Rocky Mountains, which he refers to, the lower carboniferous ; but we have
never seen it from any position below the coal measures.

Spirigera ? At Fort Riley, and above there, as well as in the same position on

Cottonwood Creek, we found, ranging from division 18 up to 10 of the fore-
going section, a Spirigera resembling S. subtilita, but much more gibbous in
form ; it also appears to have a much thicker shell. If distinct from S. subtilita
this might be designated by the specific name gibbosa.

Lamellibranchiata.
Monotis Hawni, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol. iv., March 2,
1858. Prof. Swallow thinks this species not distinct from M. speluncaria, Schot
sp. Although, like that species, it is quite variable, and some of its varieties
are very similar to it; after a careful comparison of a large number of indi-
viduals with King's figures and descriptions, we still regard it as distinct. We
have never seen any of its various forms with the beak of the larger valve ele-
vated so far above the hinge, as in fig. 5, 6, 7 and 8, pi. 13, of King's work.
Nor do any of our specimens possess the peculiar oblique posterior sulcus, seen
in the figures cited above. High Country, south of Kansas Falls ; also above
there, on Smoky Hill River and Cottonwood Creek, in division 10.

Myalina [Mytilus) peraltenuata, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol.
iv., March 2d, 1858. Our description of this species was made out from one
of the more slender varieties of this shell, sent to us from near Smoky Hill
River by Mr. Hawn. We were probably wrong, however, in refering to it a
specimen in our possession from a locality on the Missouri, opposite the north-
ern boundary of Missouri; and we even suspect the rock from which this latter
specimen was obtained may belong to an older epoch.

The species above cited, is we think identical with M. permianus of Swallow,
Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, vol. i. p. 187. And we also suspect the form he de-
scribes in the same paper, as Mytilus {Myalina) concavus, is only a broader va-

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. ' 29

riety of the same ; at any rate, we have these two forms, and every intermediate
gradation between them, from the same bed. Locality and position same, as
the preceding.

Myalina squamosa. (Jfutilus squamosa, J. de C. Sowerby. Morris's Cata-
logue, p. 93. Myalina squamosa of some other authors.)

Of the form, we refer with doubt to the above species; we have but one im-
perfect specimen. As far as the characters can be made out, it agrees with this
species. We found it iu division No 11, at Kansas Falls, above Fort Riley.

Myalina subquadraia, Shumard. Missouri Geol. Rept., 2d part, p. 207, pi. c,
fig. 17. Upper coal measures, Leavenworth City, on t lie Kansas, at Lawrence
and otber localities in Kansas Valley, below mouth of Big Blue River.

Edmondia? Calhouni, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol. iv., March
2, 1858. We are still in doubt in regard to the generic relations of this species,
having procured no better specimens thau that first described by us. We
suspect it may be a Cardinia. NearSmoky Hill river, in division 10.

Bakevellia parva, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albauy Inst., vol. iv., March 2d,
1858. This is probably the same species referred by Prof. Swallow to Avicula
antiqua, Minister, Bakevellia antiqua of King, and others. In describing this spe-
cies, we spoke of its very near relation to B. antiqua, but pointed out some
characters in which it differs. At that time we had seen but a few imperfect
specimens; since then, however, we have obtained many others, a careful ex-
amination of which causes us still to regard it as distinct from B. antiqua.
Of a large number of individuals, we have never seen any one-half the size
of the smallest, nor one-eighth the size of the largest figures of that species
given by King, while the cardinal area is also proportionably much narrower iu
our shell. Division No. 10. On Smoky Hill river and Cottonwood creek.

Area carbonaria, Cox. Vol. iii. Geol. Report, Ky., p. 567, pi. 8, fig. 5. Our
fossil is smaller, and less distinctly striate, but exactly the form of the above.
Near Leavenworth landing, coal measures.

Leda subscilula, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol. iv. March 2d,
1858. Division No. 10. Smoky Hill river and Cottonwood creek.

Pleurophorus ? subcuneata, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst,, vol. iv.,
March 2d, 185S. Our specimens of this species being casts we are left in doubt
in regard to its generic relations. We suspect it may be a Cardinia. Same
locality and position as preceding.

Axinus (Schizodus) ovatus, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
Dec, 1858. This is very much like the Permian forms, S. roiundatus and <S. irun-
catus, but we found it in a rock on Cottonwood creek which we regard as below
the Permian.

Axinus roiundatus, Brown. Trans. Manch. Geol. Soc. vol. i. p. 31, pi. 6, fig. 29.
We have refeired this little shell to the above species with some doubt, but
we have seen no characters by which it can be distinguished. No. 10. Near
Smoky Hill river.

Allorisma? Lmvenworthcnsis, Meek and Hayden. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
Dec, 1858, p. 263. Upper coal measures, Leavenworth City.

Allorisma subcuneata, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
ec, 1858, p. 263. Localiry and position same as last.

Allorisma ? altirostrata, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila
Dec. 1858, p. 263. Upper coal measures, Grasshopper creek.

Allorismv? Cooperi, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila. Dec,
1858, p. 264. {Panopcea Cooperi, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol.
iv., March 2,1858.) Near Helena, in upper coal measures.

Leptodomus granosus, Shumard. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, vol. i. p. 207.
Upper coal measures, near summit of hills, back of Leavenworth City; also
near Leavenworth landing.

1859.]

30 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Gasteropoda.

Pleurotomaria humerosa, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.
Dec, 1858. la upper coal measures, at Grasshopper creek.

Pleurotomaria subturbinata, Meek and Hayden. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.
Dec, 1858, p. 264. Locality and position same as last. In the Proceedings of
the Academy above cited, the locality of this species is erroneously given as at
Helena.

Bellerophon -? We found a small undetermined species of this genus in divi-
sion 10. Oa Smoky Hill river and near Cottonwood creek; also casts of a large
species at Leavenworth landing and Grasshopper creek, in the upper coal
measures.

Euomphalus ? The species here alluded to, was found in No. 11 and 37 of

the foregoing general section. Either it or a very closely allied species, also
ranges far below this, in the upper coal measures. It is nearly related to, if not
identical with a species Prof. Hall has described in the Iowa Report, under the
name of E. rugosus.

Cephalapoda.
Nautilus cccentricus, Meek and Hayden. Trans. Albany Inst., vol. iv., March
2d, 1858. Smoky Hill river, division No. 10.

Fishes.

Xystr acanthus arcuaius, Leidy. Upper carboniferous rocks af, Leavenworth
landing.

Cladodus occidentalism Leidy. Division No. 37 of foregoing general section.
At Manhattan.

Peialodus Allegh vnien&is, Leidy. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. vo!. iii. p. 161. Divi-
sion No. 10, of foregoing general section. Fort Riley.

Catalogue of Birds collected on the Rivers Camma and Ogobai, Western Africa,
by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu in 1858, with notes and descriptions of new species.

BY JOHN CASSIN.

The collection made by Mr. Duchaillu on the River Camma or Fernando Vaz
and its tributaries, the Ogobai, Rembo, and Ovenga rivers, is the most exten-
sive and interesting yet made by him, or ever yet received from Western Africa,
in the Museum of this Academy. The two last names of rivers I have not used
in the localities given in the succeeding catalogue, mainly because I have not
succeeded in finding them in any geographical work to which I have access,
but now state that these names occur in Mr. Duchaillu's letters, and that they
appear to be tributaries to the River Camma. Much valuable information will
undoubtedly be added to the geography of this part of Western Africa by Mr.
Duchaillu.

As in former collections, Mr. Duchaillu has not sent birds of which numerous
specimens had already been sent in former collections. This fact will account
for the absence of the names of some well known species from the present cata-
logue.

1. Gypohierax angolensis, (Gmelin.)

Falco angolensis, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 252 (1788.)
Polyborus hypoleucus, Bennett.
Gray's Genera, i. pi. 4. Jard. and Selby, 111. N. S., pi. 13.
From the Camma and Ogobai. Young, with plumage entirely dull ashy
brown, the head only becoming spotted with white. This is the only vulture
received from Mr. Duchaillu, and has come in all his collections.

2. Polyboroides typicus, Smith.

Polyboroides typicus, A. Smith, 111. Zool. S. Afr. Birds.
" Polyboroides radiatus, (Scopoli,)" Auct.
Smith, 111. S. Afr. Birds, pi. 81, 82.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. SI

Adults in fine plumage, from the Camma, the same species as formerly, re-
ceived in Mr. Duchaillu's collection from the River Muni, and identical with
South African specimens. The species from Madagascar, which is Polyboroidet
radiatus, (Scopoli,) and the same as Falco gymnogenys, Temm., is smaller and
lighter colored, and has the transverse stripes on the abdomen much less nu-
merous and wider apart than in the present bird.

3. Haliaetos vocifeb, (Daudin.)

Falco vocifer, Daud. Traite d'Orn, ii. p. 65.

Le Vaill., Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 4.
From the Camma. Identical with South African specimens.

4. Haliaetus blagrus, (Daudin.)

Falco blagrus, Daud. Traite d'Orn, ii. p. 70.

Le Vaill., Ois. d'Afr. pi. 5.

The synonymes given by authors for this species are rather extended, and i
suspect not entirely correct; in fact, perhaps, making a heavy draft on proba-
bility. At present I regard F. blagrus as a distinct and well characterized spe-
cies. From the Ogobai, and identical with others from South Africa.

5. Spizaetos coronatus, (Linnseus.)

Falco coronatus, Linn. Syst. Nat., i. p. 124 (1766.)
Falco albescens, Daud. Traite d'Orn. ii. p. 45.
Edwards' Birds, v. pi. 224. Le Vaill Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 3. Smith, 111. S. Afr.
Birds, pi. 40, 41. Identical with specimens in the Acad. Mus., from South
Africa, and in adult plumage. From the Ogabai river.

6. Spizaetus occipitalis, (Daudin.)

Falco occipitalis, Daud. Traite d'Orn., ii. p. 40.
Le Vail, Ois. d'Afr. i. pi. 2.
From the Ogabai river. Adults in black plumage.

7. Spiloenis bacha, (Daudin.)

Falco bacha, Daudin.

Falco albidus, Cuvier.

Circaetus melanotis, Verreaux in Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 7 ?

Le Vaill, Ois. d'Afr., i. pi. 15. Temm. PI. Col., i. pi. 19.

The present specimen is in very light colored plumage, undoubtedly young, and
much as described and figured by Cuvier and Temminck, as above cited. It is,
however, quite identical with the bacha of Southern Africa, of which a very
complete series of specimens is in the Academy's Museum. The young is
nearly white, though even when fully grown and in a more advanced plumage
has the head white, and a large spot of black in the region of the eye and ear.
In the last plumage I suspect this bird is the species recently described by our
friend, Mr. Verreaux, of Paris, as cited above.

Young % . Upper part3 white, tinged with yellow, every feather with a sub-
terminal spot of dark brown ; lanceolate and ovate on the head and neck ;
larger and more circular on the back ; every feather narrowly tipped with
white. Under paits white, with a few spear-heads of brownish black on the
breast and sides. Quills and superior wing coverts dark brown ; all the quills
and every feather of the coverts tipped with white ; tail ashy brown, with about
six transverse bands of black, and tipped with white. Total length 23 inches r
wing 12 ; tail 10 inches.

Hab. Ogobai river, a branch of the Camma river, Western Africa.

8. Accipiter Toussenelli, (Verreaux.)

Nisus Toussenelli, Verr. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 101.
Very fine specimens of this handsome Hawk, are now for the first time gent
by Mr. Duchaillu. From the Ogobai.

9. Accipiter Hartlaobii, (Verreaux.)

Nisus Hartlaubii, J. Verr. in Hartl. Orn. West Af. p. 15,

1859.]

32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Apparently the bird described by that accurate and reliable naturalist Mr.
Verreaux, and happily named in honor of the most accomplished living orni-
thologist of Europe. From the Ogobai.

10. Miceastur macrourus, (Hartlaub.)

" Astur macrourus, Temm." Hartl. Cab. Jour. 1855, p. 353.

One of the most beautiful of the Falconidse, and having for its nearest rela-
tives the American birds forming the genus Micrastur, G. R. Gray, and espe-
cially the larger M. brachypterus, (Temminck.) The present specimen is in
mature plumage, but is probably a different sex from that described as above,
and has the entire under parts of the body dark rufous chestnut. In the de-
scription by Dr. Hartlaub, the under parts are given as white, but the differ-
ence of the two specimens in color is not greater than, and in fact is similar
in some degree to, that of the male and female of Micrastur brachypterus.

Adult ^ . Upper parts dark bluish brown ; upper tail coverts white ; under
parts dark reddish chestnut ; under wing coverts chestnut ; under tail coverts
white. Quills ashy brown, white beneath and with transverse bands of black ;
tail black, tipped with white and with about four irregular narrow bands of
white. Throat light cinereous ; feathers of the occiput and neck behind white at
base. Bill short, strong, rather abruptly curved, cere large; nostrils circular;
wings short, rounded, fifth quill longest ; tail very long, graduated ; feet
moderate. Total length about 25 inches, wing 11, tail 15, tarsus 3 inches.
From the Ogobai river.

1 1. Aviceda cuculoides, Swainson.

Aviceda cuculoides, Sw. B. of W. Afr. i. p. 104, (1837.)
Falco frontalis, Daudin?
Sw. B. of W. Afr. i. pi. 1.

A single specimen in mature plumage from the Camma. If this bird is
Falco frontalis, Daudin, as stated by the Prince Bonaparte in Conspectus Avium,
p. 20, the description and figure of Le Yaillant are amongst the most astonish-
ing aberrations of ornithologists, which is saying much !

12. Scotopelia Pelii, (Kaup.)

Ketupa Peli, Kaup. Jard. Cont. 1852, p. 117.

Scotopelia typica, Bonap.
A singular species with naked tarsi and nearly related to the genus Ketupa,
It is well described by Dr. Hartlaub in Cabanis' Journal, 1855, p. 358. From
the Camma river.

13. Bubo leucostictus, Hartlaub.

" Bubo leucostictus, Temm." Hartl. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 354.
From the Camma river.

14. Syrnium Woodfordii, (Smith).
Athene Woodfordii, Smith Zool. S. Afr.

Smith, 111. S. Afr. Aves, pi. 71.

Adults and young of this species from the Camma.

15. Caprimulgus Fossir, J. Verreaux.

Caprimulgus Fossii, J. Verreaux, in Hartl. Orn. W. Afr., p. 23 (1857.)
This is the only species received from Mr. Duchaillu, and is given erroneously
as C. binotatus in my catalogue of birds from the river Muni. In adult plu-
mage this species is easily recognized by the white tips of the larger external
coverts of the wings, and in nearly all the specimens that I have seen this
character can be traced.

Specimens from Borneo and Sumatra in the Acad. Mus. which were received
from the Leyden Museum, appear to be the C. binotatus of Bonaparte's Con-
spectus, (i. p. 60) but came labelled " C. bisignatus Boie," and seem to be the
same as C. affinis, Horsfield. It is probable that the present species is C.
concretus, Bonap. Consp. as just cited. From the Camma and formerly re-
ceived from the Muni river.

[Jan

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33

16. Cypselus ambrohiacus, (Gmelin.)

Hirundo ambrosiaca, Gm. Syst. Nat. ii. p. 1051.
Cypselus parvus, Liclit. Verz. p. 58.
Temm. PI. col. 460, fig. 2.

All the specimens that I have ever seen from Western Africa are darker co-
lored than others from Eastern Africa and Madagascar in the Acad. Mus. In
other respects they are very similar, and I cannot distinguish them specifi-
cally. From the Camma and Ogobai rivers.

17. Chaetura Sabinei, (Gray.)

Acanthylis Sabinei, Gray in Griff. Cuv. ii. p. 70.
Chaetura bicolor, Gray, Zool. Misc. p. 6.
Pallene leucopygia, Boie, Isis, 1844, p. 168.
From the Camma.

18. Atticora melbina, Verreaux.

Atticora melbina, J. & E. Verreaux, Mag. et Rev. Zool. 1851, p. 310.
From the Camma and formerly received from Cape Lopez.

19. Atticora nitens, Cassin.

Atticora nitens, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1857, p. 38.
Several specimens show no other characters than as above described. From
the Ogobai.

20. Hirundo cahirica, Lichtenstein.

Hirundo cahirica, Liclit. Verz. p. 58.
Hirundo Boissoneauii, Temm.
A single specimen from the Camma river. Very light colored on the un-
der parts of the body but apparently this species.

21. Hirundo nigrita, G. R. Gray.

Hirundo nigrita, Gray, Genera of Birds i. p. 58, (1845.)

Gray, Gen. i. pi. 20.

This fine species seems to indicate a distinct subgeneric group, having the
bill and general form of typical Hirundo with a shorter tail. Its color too,
pure black with the throat white, are quite characteristic. It does not appear
to be a common species, a few specimens only having been received from the
Camma.

In this species the white spot on the throat is much larger in the adult than
is represented in Mr. Gray's plate above cited, inner webs of tail feathers
white, except at the ends, all other parts lustrous metallic purplish black.

22. Cecropis Gordoni, (Jardine.)

Hirundo Gordoni, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1851 p. 141.
This is a quite distinct and well characterized species of the same group . s
the large C. senegalensis. Received for the first time in the collection from the
Ogobai river.

23. Eurystomus afer, (Latham.)

Coracias afra, Lath.

Eurystomus purpurascens et rubescens, Vieill.

Colaris viridis, Wagler, Syst. Av.
Le Vaill. Ois. Par., pi. 35.
From the Ogobai. Rather smaller than specimens from Sierra Leone.

24. Eurystomus gularis, Vieillot.

Eurystomus gularis, Vieill. Nouv. Diet.
Le Vaill. Ois. Par., pi. 36.
From the Ogobai.

25. Halcyon senegalensis, (Linnseus.)

Alcedo senegalensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 180 (1766.)
Buff. PI. Enl. 594. Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 27.
From the Camma.
1859.] 3

34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

26. Halcyon Dryas, Hartlaub.

Halcyon Dryas, Hartl. Cab. Jour. 1854, p. 2.
Von Muller, Beitr. Orn. Afr., pi. 11.

Perhaps the most handsome species of Kingfisher of Western Africa, and of
the same group as H. cinereifrons. From the Camma river.

27. Halcyon badia, Verreaux.

Halcyon badia, J. & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 264.
From the Ogobai.

28. Alcedo quadribrachys, Bonaparte.

"Alcedo quadribrachys, Temm." Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 158.
Jard. Contr. Orn., 1851, pi. 79.
From the Camma.

29. Corythornis ceruleocephala, (Gmelin.)

Alcedo cseruleocephala, 6m. Syst. Nat. i. p. 449 (1788.)
Quite identical with specimens from Southern Africa. From the Camma.

30. Ceryle rddis, (Limueus.)

Alcedo rudis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 181.
Ispida bicincta, Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 95.
From the Camma and Ogobai.

31. Merops variegatus, Vieillot.

Merops variegatus, Vieill. Ency. Meth. p. 390.

Merops cyanipectus, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 269.
Le Vaill. Guep., pi. 7.
Evidently an abundant species on the Camma and Ogobai rivers.

32. Merops albicollis, Vieillot.

Merops albicollis, Vieill.

Merops Cuvieri, Licht. Verz. p. 13.
Le Vaill. Guep., pi. 9.

Rarely received in Mr. Duchaillu's collections, and seems to be more numerous
further north. From the Ogobai.

33. Merops bicolor, Daudin.

Merops bicolor, Daud., Ann. du Mus., ii. p. 440, pi. 62, fig. 1.

Merops malimbus, Shaw, Nat. Misc. xvii. pi. 701.
Vieill. Gal. i. pi. 186. Le Vaill. Guep., pi. 5,

Frequently received in Mr. Duchaillu's collections. From the Camma and
Rembo rivers.

34. Meropogon Breweri, nobis.

Large, bill compressed, curved, wings rather short, fourth quill longest, first
quill short, tail rather long, the two in the middle much the longest and at-
tenuated at the end, others truncate or emarginate at the tips, all the second-
ary quills emarginate at the tips, feathers of the throat and neck in front
somewhat lengthened. Total length about 13^ inches, wing 4|, tail 7^, bill
from corner of mouth direct to tip of upper mandible 2 inches, middle tail
feathers 7 J, outer 4^ inches.

Head glossy black, back, wings and middle tail feathers green, under parts
fine reddish fulvous with a tinge of green, a transverse band of chestnut on
the breast immediately below the long black feathers of the neck. Quills
green, inner edges of primaries black, of secondaries rufous, tail feathers (ex-
cept two in the middle) fine dark chestnut, and tipped with green. Bill black,
feet light colored.

Hab. Ogobai river, a branch of the Camma river, Western Africa. Dis-
covered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This very handsome bird seems to belong to the genus Meropogon, Bonap.
Consp. Av. i. p. 164, being in fact a large Mellitophagus, with the feathers of
the throat and neck lengthened, though not so distinctly as in Nyctiornis. It

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 35

is easily distinguished from all other species by its colors, and especially by
its black head, which color terminates abruptly on the breast and is succeeded
by a band of dark chestnut. It is nearly as large as Nyctiornis amictus or
Athertoni.

It is with great gratification that I dedicate this fine bird to my valued and
constant friend Thomas M. Brewer, M. D., of the city of Boston, one of the
most distinguished of American ornithologists.

35. Meropiscus gularis, (Shaw.)

Merops gularis, Shaw, Nat. Misc. ix. pi. 337 (1798.)

Gray, Gen. i. pi. 30.

Apparently of frequent occurrence in the country on the Camma and Ogobai.
The adult of this species is very handsomely figured by Mr. Gray as above,
but the young bird is quite different, and might readily be mistaken for a dis-
tinct species. Young <5 Entire upper parts, throat and breast dark green,
on the throat mixed with a few red feathers, rump light blue, abdomen and
under tail coverts blue ; quills black with a spot of chestnut at the base of the
secondaries, tail black, bill black, shorter than in adult.

36. Apaloderma narina, (Vieillot.)

Trogon narina, Vieill.

Gould, Monog., pi. 26.

From the Camma river, and formerly received from the river Muni. Young % .
Upper parts like the adult, but with the throat and breast light ashy, a few
feathers only green at the end, abdomen pale rose-red, upper mandible dark
brown, under mandible yellow.

37. Nectarinia fuliginosa, (Shaw.)

Certhia fuliginosa, Shaw, Gen. Zool. viii. p. 223.

Vieill. Ois. dor., pi. 20, Nat. Lib. Sunbirds, pi. 14.

From the Camma, and formerly received from the Moondah river. The very
peculiar color given as "fuliginous" by authors, assumes a variety of shades
in this species, apparently depending on age and season. It is frequently very
pale, giving the entire bird a dull brownish yellow or ochre color, and the me-
tallic violet of the rump is frequently wanting.

38. Nectarinia angolensis, (Lesson.)

Cinnyris angolensis, Lesson, Traite d'Orn. i. p. 295.
Nectarinia Stangeri, Jardine, Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 187, pi. 13.
Jard. and Selb. 111. Orn., N. S., pi. 48.

From the Muni, Moondah and Camma rivers, and evidently of frequent oc-
currence in this region of Western Africa. Young % . Upper parts dull dark
brown, a few metallic violet feathers in front, throat lustrous metallic green
succeeded by a band of violet and scarlet on the breast. Abdomen dull yel-
lowish with longitudinal and irregular stripes of brownish black, wings and
tail dark brown.

39. Nectarinia chxoropygia, Jardine.

Nectarinia chloropygia, Jard. Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 188, pi. 14.
Cinnyris chalybea, Swains. B. of W. Africa, ii. p. 132.
Jard. and Selb., 111. N. S., pi. 50, Swains. Zool. 111., pi. 95.
Apparently one of the most abundant species of Equatorial Africa, and re-
ceived in all Mr. Duchaillu's collections. Yonng . Upper parts yellowish
green, a few feathers tipped and edged with metallic golden green, under parts
yellow, mixed with dark green on the throat, and scarlet on the breast.
From the Moonda, Muni, and Camma rivers.

40. Nectarinia cuprea, (Shaw.)

Certhia cuprea, Shaw. Gen. Zool. viii. p. 201, (1811.)

Cinnyris erythronotus, Swaius. B. of W. Africa, ii. p. 30, pi. 15.

Vieill. Ois. Dor., pi. 23, 27.

1859.]

36 PROCEEDINGS OF TIIE ACADEMY OF

Evidently not very common in the countries traversed by Mr. Duchaillu.
Adult 9. Upper parts olive, tinged with yellow on the rump, under parts
greenish yellow, darker on the throat and breast, the yellow more clear on the
abdomen.

From the Camma.

41. Nectarinia cyanocephala, (Vieillot.)

Certhia cyanocephala, Vieill.

Cinnyris chloronota, Swains. B. of W. Africa, ii. p. 136, pi. 16.
Nectarinia obscura, Jard. Nat. Lib. Birds, xiii. p. 253, (1842.)
Vieill. Ois. Dor., pi. 7.

This appears to be an abundant species in Equatorial Africa on the Atlantic,
and seems to have a wide diffusion. Young % . Like the female, but with the
under parts more strongly tinged with yellow, and with the top of the head
dark brown. In this species the young birds have the under mandible white
at base, and frequently for half or two-thirds of its length, which is not the
case in the allied species immediately succeeding (jV. cyanolcema). From the
Camma and Ogobai, and formerly received from the Moondaand Muni rivers.

42. Nectarinia cyanolaema, Jardine.

Nectarinia cyanolaema, Jard., Contr. Orn. 1851, p. 154.
Young '8 . Upper parts dark olive, tinged with yellow, under parts pale
yellowish green, with obscure spots of dark green, nearly black on the throat.
Bill always black. From the Camma, and formerly received from the Moonda
river.

43. Nectarinia Reichexbachii, Hartlaub.

Nectarinia Reichenbachii, Hartl. Orn. W. Africa, p. 50.
Several specimens from the Camma appear to be this species, though rather
larger than as given by Dr. Hartlaub, as above. Young % . Like the female,
but with the throat, abdomen and under tail coverts yellow, the former with a
few lustrous metallic green feathers.

44. Nectarinia tephrolaejia, Jardine.

Nectarinia tephrolaema, Jard., Contr. Orn., 1851, p. 154.

From the Ogobai and Moonda rivers. The description of the female given
by Dr. Hartlaub applies to young males in the present collection, but unfor-
tunately I am not fully assured of the correctness of the supposed females of
this species in this collection, and do not therefore describe with con-
fidence. The specimens alluded to are entirely dark ashy, (about the color of
the throat in the male,) darker above and lighter on the under parts.

This appears to be a rare species in Equatorial Africa, and is remarkable in
having' the throat pale cinereous, though surrounded with a large space of
brilliant metallic green. It is probably the type of a subgenus and does not
belong to the same group as the preceding (iV. cyanolaema,) though given so,
erroneously, by Dr. Reichenbach in his genus Anthodiceta. This author is,
however, not acquainted with the genera of birds.

45. Nectarinia sdbcollaris, Reichenbach.

Nectarinia subcollaris, Reich.

N. metallicus, Licht.?

N. collaris, (Vieill.) ?
Specimens in the collection are evidently the species intended by the name
here adopted ; but with numerous specimens before me purporting from Euro-
pean labels to be N. collaris and N. metallicus I am under the necessity of enter-
taining a suspicion that all are identical. These specimens are perhaps not
correctly labelled, but at present my leisure does not warrant an extended ex-
amination. These species are assuredly very nearly related. From the Camma.

46. Nectarinia verticalis, (Reichenbach.)

Leucochloridia verticalis, Reich.

"Nectarinia Vieilloti, Verreaux." Label of spec, in Acad. Mus.
Vieill. Ois. Dor., pi. 25.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87

An obscure species, of which two specimens only are in the collection from
Mr. Duchaillu, one in the present collection and another formerly from the
Moonda. In the Acad. Mus. are several specimens from the Rivoli collection,
all of which are labelled ' ' Cinnyris cyanocephala, $ . " It may be that species
jn immature plumage, or in the plumage of the rainy season.*

47. Anthreptes Fraseri, Jardine and Selby.

Anthreptes Fraseri, Jard. and Selb., 111. Orn. N. S. pi. 52, (1843.)

Several specimens of this species are in the present collection from the Camma
and Ogobai. The adult is well represented and described in the work cited
above, though in the figure the tail is quite erroneous. The middle feathers
of the latter are greenish yellow, which is also the color of the outer webs, and
a large portion of the inner webs of all the other feathers of the tail. 5
Smaller than the male but very similar in colors. Young 5 Like the female,
but with the colors duller and of darker green in all the plumage, no axillary
tufts.

48. Anthreptes aurantia, Verreaux.

Anthreptes aurantia, Verr. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 417.
The adult male is described by our valued friend as above cited, and the
type of his description is now in the Museum of this Academy. The female
is so entirely different that it might readily be regarded as a distinct species.
Adult 2 Upper parts lustrous metallic dark green, purple on the rump
and tail, throat and breast pale ashy, abdomen pale yellow. A stripe of white
through and behind the eye. Young 5 . Upper parts dull yellowish green,
under parts pale yellow, tinged with very pale asby on the throat, very dis-
tinct stripe of pale yellowish white through the eye, tail metallic green, outer
feathers tipped with dull white. From the Camma and Ogobai.

49. Drymoica ruficeps, (Riippell.)

Malurus ruficeps, Riipp. Zool. Atlas, p. 54, (1826.)
Riipp. Zool. Atlas, pi. 36, fig. 1.

Several specimens from the Camma and Ogobai seem to be this species, but
are rather larger than South African specimens in the Acad. Mus.

50. Drtmoica njevia, Hartlaub.

Drymoica naevia, Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 56.
A single specimen from the Camma and another in a former collection from
Cape Lopez, appear to be this species, though not in adult plumage. Related
to the preceding, but larger and with the bill much stronger ; and also related
to the succeeding.

51. Drymoica fortirostris, Jardine.

Drymoica fortirostris, Jard. Contr. Orn. 1852, p. 60.

Drymoica robusta, Riippell, Syst. Uebers. p. 35, pi. 13?
From the Camma and formerly received from Cape Lopez. In a young bird
the bill is pale yellow, except the tip of the upper mandible. The birds re-
garded by me as the present species and the preceding (D. ncevid) are both
nearly related to D. robusta, Riippell, Syst. Ueb. pi. 13.

52. Drtmoica lateralis, Fraser.

Drymoica lateralis, Fras. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 16.
Numerous specimens from the Camma, Moonda and Muni rivers appear to
be this species, though utterly impossible to determine satisfactorily from the
published descriptions. It seems to be the most abundant species of this
genus in Equatorial Western Africa.

*Two other species complete the Nectarinice, found by Mr. Duchaillu :

1. Nectarinia superba, (Vieillot), from the river Muni.

2. Nectarinia Johannae, Verreaux, from the river Moonda.

1859.]

38 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Genus Euprinodes, nobis.
Size small, bill rather long, slightly curved, nostril large, wings short, first
quill spurious, fourth and fifth longest and nearly equal, tail rather long, gra-
duated, legs moderate, slender. More nearly related to Prinia, (P. familiaris)
than to either of the preceding species of Drymoica.

53. Eppkinodes rufogularis, (Fraser.)

Drymoica rufogularis, Frazer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 17.

Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 42, fig. 1.

A very pretty and well marked little bird now for the first time received
from the Camma. Mr. Fraser's figure seems to represent a bird not mature,
but the species is easily recognized by its rufous throat and white tail
feathers.

54. Euprinodes olivaceus, (Strickland.)

Prinia olivacea, Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 99.
The species to which I apply this name is labelled by Mr. Duchaillu as dis-
tinct, but no one of several specimens is mature, though agreeing precisely
with the description cited above. I am not without a suspicion that this bird
is the young of the preceding. From the Camma.

55. Euprinodes schistaceus, nobis.

Strictly congeneric with the two preceding. Head, breast and entire upper parts
bluish cinereous, with a slight tinge of olive on the back; abdomen, under wing
coverts and under tail coverts, white. Quills brownish black, four middle tail
feathers brownish black, with obscure tranverse narrow stripes of a darker
shade of the same color, four external tail feathers on each side, pure white,
bill black, legs light colored. Total length about 4^ inches, wing If, tail 2
inches.

Hab. River Camma, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

The preceding three species are very similar in their general organization,
and form a very natural group. All have the outer tail feathers white. The
present species is easily recognized by the entire head and upper breast being
bluish ashy, which color is abruptly succeeded by white on the lower part of
the breast. One specimen only, labelled as an adult male, is in the collection
from the Camma.

56. Camaroptera tincta, (Cassin.)

Syncopta tincta, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. vii. p. 325, (1855.)
The adult is described by me as above. In the present collection are speci-
mens that we regard as the young, and so different from the adult that for the
first time we perceive this to be rather a difficult species. Young. Upper
parts yellowish olive green, under parts cinereous, mixed with yellow on the
breast and sides, tibise greenish ochre yellow, under wing coverts and edge of
wing at shoulder, dull yellow. Younger. Entire plumage yellowish olive
green, paler on the under parts and nearly white on the abdomen, tibiae brown-
ish ochre yellow, edge of wing and under coverts yellow. The last plumage
much resembles that of C. concolor, Hartlaub.

From the Camma and formerly from the Muni and Cape Lopez.

57. Camaroptera superciliaris, (Fraser.)

Sylvicola superciliaris, Fraser, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. xii. p. 440, 1843.

Prinia icterica, Strickland, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 100.
Evidently the bird described by both of the authors here cited, but only
ascertained to belong to this genus on inspection of the original specimen by
Dr. Hartlaub. (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1858, p. 470). A single specimen
from the Camma.

58. Camaroptera caniceps, nobis.

About the size of C. tincta, but rather smaller than C. superciliaris, and
strictly congeneric with both species. Head above and cheeks light cinereous,
other upper parts yellowish olive. Breast with a wide transverse band of

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39

yellow, throat and abdomen white. Quills brownish black, edged externally
with olive, tail dark olive, with an obscure subterminal band of brownish
black, and outer feathers narrowly tipped with white. Under wing coverts,
under tail coverts and tibice ashy white. Bill bluish black, legs light colored.
Total length about 4J inches, wing 2, tail If inches.

Hah. Camnia River, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This handsome and rather singular species may be easily recognized by its
yellow breast, which color assumes the form of a wide transverse band and
contrasts strongly with the white color of the throat and abdomen. One speci-
men only which is a male adult is in the collection from the Gamma.

59. Camakoptera badiceps, (Fraser.)

Sylvia badiceps, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1842, p. 144.
The form and general characters of this bird are more those of the genus
Camaroptera than of Drymoica, but it is very probably the type of a distinct
generic or subgeneric group. It is a strongly marked species. From the Cam-
ma and formerly from the Moonda and Cape Lopez.

60. Stiphrornis erythrothorax, Hartlaub.

" Stiphrornis erythrothorax, Temm." Hartl. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 355 (1855.)
Three specimens only of this beautiful bird are in the collection from the
Gamma, and are labelled as males. The adult is described by Dr. Hartlaub
as above. Young % . Upper parts, including head, dull olive, cheeks ashy
spot in front of the eye, white. Throat and breast dull yellowish, every feath-
er edged with ashy black, abdomen white.

61. Pratincola salax, Verreaux.

Pratincola salax, J. & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 307.
From the Camma and formerly received in Mr. Duchaillu's collections from
Gape Lopez.

62. Sylvietta virens, nobis.

"Sylvietta microura, Ruppell," Cassin, Cat. B. from Cape Lopez. Proc.
Acad. Philada., 1856, p. 318.

Small, tail very short, legs long, slender, feathers of the back and rump
long. Head above dark greenish brown, back, wings and tail olive green.
Line over the eye, throat and breast light rufous, abdomen white tinged
with yellow in the middle, flanks ashy, tibiae dark yellowish green (ashy
brown in young birds) under wing coverts yellow, quills light brown edged ex-
ternally with greenish yellow. Bill light brown, under mandible nearly white,
legs light colored. Total length from tip of bill to end of tail about 3 inches,
wing If, tail f, tarsus f inches. Sexes alike, female rather smaller.

Hab. Camma river and Cape Lopez, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr.
P. B. Duchaillu.

Having now several specimens, adult and young, and of both sexes of this
curious little bird, and various " Crombecs " also from Africa,* I cannot jus-

*The two species of Sylvietta in the Acad. Mus. seem to be as follows :

1. Sylvietta rufescens, (Vieillot.)

Dicoeum rufescens, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, ix., p. 407 (1817.)
Sylvietta crombec, Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258.
Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 135.

Specimens from various localities in Southern Africa, also from " Elephant's
Bay, Western Africa." The latter were collected and presented by A. A.
Henderson, M. D., Surgeon U. S. Navy.

2. Sylvietta brachyura, Lafresnaye.

Sylvietta brachyura, Lafr. Rev. Zool. 1839, p. 258.

" Sylvietta brevicauda, De La Fresnaye." Name on plate in Lefebvre's
Voy. Abyssinia.

Troglodytes microurus, Ruppell, Neue Wirbelth. Abyss. Voeg. p. 109 ?
Lefebvre, Voy. Abyss. Ois. pi. 6. Riipp. Neue. Wirbelth. Voeg., pi. 41, fig. 1 ?
Much smaller than the preceding and more uniformly colored on the under

1859.]

40 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

s

tify niy former conclusion that the species is identical with Riippell's Troglodyte
micrurus, Neue Wirb. Abyss, pi. 41, fig. 2. The upper parts of the body are
constantly clear yellowish olive, with the head above dark brown, throat and
breast only rufous, abdomen white with a yellow tinge in the middle. It is
clearly not the bird figured in Lefebvre's Abyssinia Ois., pi. 6, which is in the
Acad. Coll. labelled "Senegal." The present bird has the bill shorter and less
curved, and the wings and even the tail shorter than in either of the species
of Sylvietta now before me. It may, indeed, indicate a distinct generic or sub-
generic group.

Genus Htlia, nobis.

)

Small, in general appearance sylviform. Bill curved, upper mandible thick
or wide on the lateral view, compressed towards the end, carinated, nostril in a
large membrane. Wing moderate, first quill spurious, third and fourth long-
est and nearly equal, tail rather long, legs moderate, tarsus with about four
large scales in front, toes slender, claws rather large. Type Sylvia prasina,
Cassin.

63. Htlia prasina, (Cassin.)

Sylvia prasina, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1845, p. 325.
"Stiphrornis superciliaris, Temm. Mus. Lugd." ?
This bird is by no manner of means a Stiphrornis, if S. eryththrothorax is the
type, which appears to be the case, nor is it a Chloropeta of which C. natalensis,
Smith, is the type, nor moreover do we know any other genus to which it be-
longs, and so set up for ourselves as best we may. Numerous specimens from
the Camma and the Moonda.

64. Phyllopneuste umbrovirens, (Riippell) ?

Sylvia (Ficedula) umbrovirens, Riipp. Neue. Wirb., p. 112?
Two specimens in immature plumage, exceedingly like S. sibillatrix and S.
icterina of the Acad. Coll. These specimens are much as described by Riip-
pell as above. From the Camma.

65. Cisticola cursitans, (Franklin.)

Prinia cursitans, Frankl. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1841, p. 118.
Sylvia cisticola, Temm. ?
Gould B. of Eur., pi. 113. ?

Several specimens now received from the Camma are scarcely different from
the bird of Europe or that of Asia. Specimens from the Cape of Good Hope
and from Northern Africa, strictly the same as the present specimens so far
as I can see, are in the Acad. Coll. They rather more closely resemble
Asiatic specimens, but are scarcely different specifically from those of South-
ern Europe.

Genus Parmoptila, nobis.

Allied to Pardalotus. Size small, bill thick, rather wide at base, depressed,
curved. Wing moderate, first quill spurious, second and third longest,
tail moderate, legs rather strong, toes moderate, claws strong. Feathers of
the head and throat in the present species, scale-like.

66. Parmoptila Woodhousei, nobis.

5 . Head and throat covered with rounded scale-like feathers, which are
rufous, lighter on the throat, brighter and nearly brick-red on the forehead.
Back, wings and tail light umber brown with a slight tinge of greenish on
the back, quills brownish black edged internally with reddish white. En-
tire under parts (except the throat) white, thickly spotted with brownish
black. Bill bluish black, legs yellowish white (in skin.)

5 . Upper parts including head, brown tinged with olive, under parts

parts of the body. Possibly the birds represented in the two plates cited may
not be identical. The species described by Lafresnaye as above, is labelled
" Senegal."

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 41

lighter, nearly white on the abdomen, with obscure traces of the black spots
of the male. No rufous on the head nor throat. Total length, % about 4
inches, wing 2, tail 1^ inches. ? Total length, 3| inches.

flah. River Camma, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This is the only bird from Western Africa that I have ever seen which be-
longs to the Pardalotinee. It is easily distinguished specifically by its rufous
head and throat and spotted under parts, and is a very curious and hand-
some little bird.

This bird is named in honor of my friend Samuel W. Woodhouse, M. D.,
of this city, an accomplished and promising young naturalist and scientific
traveller in the western countries of the United States.

67. yEGITHALUS FLAYIFRONS, CaSSill.

iEgithalus flavifrons, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1855, p. 325.

Proc. Acad. Philada, 1858, pi. 1, fig. 2.

The male is described and figured by me as above. In the collection from
the Camma are females which are very similar to the males but rather small-
er and lighter colored. Both sexes have the forehead yellow.

68. Motacilla capensis, Linnseus.

Motacilla capensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 333 (1766.)
Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr., pi. 178. Kittl. Kupf., pi. 20, fig. 2.
The first appearance of this species in the fauna of Western Africa. Seve-

ral specimens from the Ogobai are not to be distinguished from others in the

Acad. Mus. from Southern Africa.

69. Anthus Gouldii, Fraser.

Anthus Gouldii, Fras. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1843, p. 27.
Numerous specimens, impossible to determine conclusively from the short
and imperfect descriptions. From the Camma and formerly received in every
collection from Mr. Duchaillu.

Genus Macrosphenps, nobis.

General aspect of Orthotomus (0. sericeus, Temm.) and Ramphocanus {R.
mdanurus, Vieill,) but with the bill stronger, wider laterally and more com-
pressed, and with the legs and feet stronger. Bill long, rather strong, straight,
wide at base, compressed towards the end, upper mandible carinated, curved
and distinctly notched at the tip, nostril in a large membrane, under mandible
rather thick, somewhat curved in its outline, ascending towards its tip. Wing
moderate, first quill spurious, fourth, fifth and sixth longest and nearly equal,
tail moderate or rather short, legs moderate, claws rather strong, curved.

This genus, which I propose for the species immediately succeeding, is ex-
actly that of a bird in the Rivoli collection now in the Museum of this Academy,
labelled " Ramphocene vert, Ramphocenus viridis, Madagascar." The hand-
writing of this label I am not acquainted with, but the same specimen bears
another label of locality only : "Madagascar," which I suppose to be in the
handwriting of Mons. Victor Massena, and having his initials appended. This
bird may be Ramphoceenus viridis, Lesson, Traite d'Orn, p. 377, but which is
stated by M. Lesson to be a species of Brazil.*

* Macrosphenus viridis, (Lesson ?)

Ramphocaenus viridis. Lesson, Traite d'Orn. i. p. 377, (1831) ?

Larger than the species above described. Bill long, strong, straight, a few
pairs of slender bristles at the base of the upper mandible, wings and tail pro-
portionately rather longer than in the above species. Entire upper parts
olive green, darker on the head and tinged with yellow on the back. Throat,
breast and middle of the abdomen yellow, sides, flanks, tibiae and under tail
coverts yellowish green, nearly the color of the back. Under wing coverts
yellow, quills brownish black, secondaries edged internally with light reddish,
tail dark olive green. An obscure stripe of yellowish in front of the eye. Bill
light brown or horn color, legs light colored. Total length about 7 inches,
wing 2\, tail 3, bill, from gape, \\, tarsus 1 inch.

Hab. Madagascar. (Rivoli collection label,) Spec, in Mus. Acad. Philada,
1859.]

42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

70 Macrosphenus flavicans, nobis.

Bill long, straight, curved at the tip, and with a distinct notch. Head above
dark greenish cinereous, throat and neck in front light cinereous. Body above
light olive greeu, below greenish yellow inclining to saffron yellow on the
flanks, tibia yellow, mixed with cinereous in its lower third. Under wing
coverts silky white, quills brownish black, edged externally with ashy olive,
tail olive green, darker on the inner webs. Bill bluish horn color, under man-
dible white at base, and viewed from below, having a longitudinal stripe of
white throughout its length, legs light colored. Total length about 5 inches,
wing 2, tail If, bill from gape f, tarsus J inches.

Hub. Camma River, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

The affinities of this bird, and that alluded to above, as probably from
Madagascar, I have not satisfactorily determined. The general aspect is that
of Orthotonus and Ramphoccenus, as stated above, but they appear also to be
related to Tatare, Lesson, and in fact have the bills very similar to that of
Tatar e lusdnius or Thryothorus luscinius, Quoy et Gaiin. Voy. Astrolabe, Ois.
pi. 5. At present my opinion is that they belong to the group Troglodytince.

Several specimens of this bird are in the collection from the Camma, all of
which are labelled as males.

71. Turdus pelios, Bonaparte.

Turdus pelios, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 273, (1850.)
Though with numerous specimens before me, of both sexes and various ages,
I rely on labelled specimens in the Acad. Mus. more than descriptions in the
determining of this species. The specimens alluded to are labelled in the
handwriting of that very competent naturalist, Mr. Jules Verreaux, and are
quite identical with those in the present collection. This species is nearly
related to T. libonyanus, Smith, of Southern Africa, and appears to be abundant
on the Camma, Moonda and Muni rivers.

72. Cossypha poexsis, Strickland.

Cossypha poensis, Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 100.
Fraser, Zool. Typ. pi. 37.

Specimens from the Camma which seem to be the species described and
figured as above, in adult plumage.

73. Cossypha verticalis, Hartlaub.

Cossypha verticalis, Hartl. Beitr. Cab. Jour. 1855, p. 22.

Petrocincla albicapilla, Swains. B. of W. Afr. i. p. 2S4, pi. 32 ?
The only specimens that I have ever seen from Equatorial Africa are in the
collection from the Camma, and are darker in the color of the upper parts of
the body than specimens from Senegal in the Acad. coll. In fact I would de-
scribe the back and wing coverts in these specimens as black in the adult and
brownish black in the young, though, in other respects, specimens from the
localities mentioned are very similar. *

74. Geocichla compsonota, nobis.

About the size and general form of Turdus interpres, Temm. PI. Col. 458,
but does not resemble that species in colors. Tail short, wings moderate,
first quill spurious, fourth and fifth longest, legs rather strong, toes rather
long, bill straight, rather thick, upper mandible curved at the tip and distinct-
ly notched. Head above, cheeks and small space on the chin dark cinereous,
upper parts of body and wing coverts bright rufous, quills brownish black,
the two first edged externally with dark cinereous, others and especially the
shorter quills widely edged with the same bright rufous as the back, tail
brownish black, outer feathers edged with rufous. Under parts (except a
small space on the chin) white, tinged with dull yellowish brown on the breast
and flanks. Bill bluish black, legs pale yellowish (in dried skin.) Total
length about 6 inches, wing 4f , tail 2^, tarsus 1, bill from gape f inches.

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 43

This bird is, so far as I can see, exactly the same genus as the Asiatic T.
interpres alluded to above, and is about the same size. It is not a very good
Geocichla, of which T. citrinus is the type, but not a remote relative. One
specimen only in adult plumage is in the collection from the Camma.

Genus Alethe, nobis.

General form and aspect of Napothera, but with the bill thicker, the bristles
at the base of the upper mandible weaker and shorter, and in general charac-
ters more approaching Cossypha and Geocichla. Wing rather long, first quill
short, fourth and fifth longest, tail moderate, legs rather strong.

75. Alethe castanea, (Cassin.)

Napothera castanea, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1856, p. 158.

The adult is described by me as above from the river Moonda, and in the
present collection are intermediate and young specimens, the latter entirely
different from the adult, so much so indeed that were it not for more advanced
or intermediate specimens it would scarcely be suspected of being the same
species. They bear some resemblance to the young of Petrocincla.

Young 5 Upper parts dark fuscous tinged with rufous on the rump and
every feather having an oblong or ovate central spot of light yellowish rufous,
wider on the back and wing coverts, narrower on the head. Under parts dull
yellowish rufous, many feathers on the breast edged with black, wings and
tail as in the adult.

Several specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Moonda.

76. Oriolus Baruffii, Bonaparte.

Oriolus Baruffii, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 347, (1850.)
" Oriolus intermedins, Temm." Hartl.
Several specimens in the collection from the Camma and formerly received
from the Moonda.

77. Oriolus nigripennis, Verreaux.

Oriolus nigripennis, Verr. Cab. Jour. 1855, p. 105.
Specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Moonda.

Genus Trichophorus, Temminck, PL Col. iii. (liv. 14, about 1821.)

Type T. barbatus, Temm. PI. col. 88. Bill strong, curved, rather wide at
base, nostril in a large cavity, aperture semicircular or crescent-shaped, rictal
bristles strong. Wing moderate, rounded, first quill short, fifth and sixth
quills longest, tail moderate, wide, legs short and rather slender, scales on
tarsi confluent or obscure.

Belonging strictly to this group I have seen T. gularis (Horsfield) of Java,
T. sulphuratus (Midler) of Borneo, T. barbatus, Temm., T. olivaceus, Swains.
T. flaviventris, Smith, T. calurus, Cassin, and T. simplex, Hartlaub, of Africa,
and several other Asiatic species. All these have the bill strong and curved,
and several of them have the feathers of the head broad, somewhat length-
ened and probably erectile. Hairs on the back of the neck frequently long
and conspicuous.

78. Trichophorus culoronotus, nobis.

Strictly of the same group as T. gularis, Horsfield, and T. calurus, Cassin,
and resembling both, but larger. Feathers of the head broad and lengthened,
bristles on the back of the neck long and conspicuous, bill strong, curved,
legs and feet rather small, feathers of the lower back and rump lengthened.
Tail and upper coverts bright rufous, the outer feathers edged with greenish
yellow. Head above dark cinereous or plumbeous, cheeks plumbeous, every
feather with a medial line of white, back, rump and wings fine olive green,
tinged with yellow on the rump, quills brownish black, edged externally with
the olive green of the back, under wing coverts yellowish olive. Throat white,
breast cinereous (or plumbeous, nearly the same as the head above); abdomen
and under tail coverts greenish yellow. Bill bluish horn color, the edges of
1859.]

44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

both mandibles white, legs light brown (in dried skin). Total length about
8 to 8 inches, wing 4, tail 3f , tarsus f , bill from gape 1^ inches.

Hab. River Camma, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This large species is another of the red tailed birds like my T. calurus, and
T. gularis, Horsfield, but differs entirely from those or any other that I have
ever seen or found described. The feathers of the head are wide, much as in
T. barbatus, and are lengthened, somewhat crest-like. The cinereous or plum-
beous color of tbe breast varies in shade in different specimens, and assumes
the form somewhat of a wide transverse band on the breast and upper part of
the abdomen.

Several specimens are in the collection from the Camma. This is one of
the largest and handsomest known species of this genus.

79. Tkichophorus calurus, Cassin.

Trichophorus calurus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Phila., viii. p. 158,(1856.)
Several specimens from the Camma do not differ from others formerly re-
ceived from the Muni, though presenting some variations in size and the
thickness of the bill. Female like the male in color, but with the feathers of
the head shorter and more compact, rather smaller than the male, and with
the bill weaker.

80. Trichophorus simples, Hartlaub.

"Trichophorus simplex, Temm." Hartl. Cab. Jour. hi. p. 356.

Specimens from the Camma labelled as males are larger than as given by
Dr. Hartl tub as above, and the throat is pure white. Total length about 8J
inches, wing 4^, tail 4 inches.

Though now first received from Mr. Duchaillu this species has been in the
Acad. coll. for about twenty years, having been received in Dr. Mac Dowall's
collection from St. Paul's river. I have regarded it as Ixos inornatus, Fraser,
erroneously as it now appears from the statements of authors, but rather dif-
ficult to determine from the description of the latter. This bird does assuredly
strongly approximate to typical Ixos both in form and color.

Genus Xenocichla, Hartlaub, Orn. W. Afr. p. 86.

Type X. syndactyla (Swainson). Bill strong, straight, rather wide at base,
compressed in its terminal half, type of upper mandible rather abruptly curved
or hooked, gonys ascending, rictal bristles strong. Wing moderate, fifth and
sixth quills longest, tail moderate or rather long, legs and feet moderate or
rather slender, but larger than in Trichophorus, scales on thetarsi hardly ob-
servable. Outer toe united to the middle toe nearly or quite to the last
joint.

The main distinction of this genus from the preceding is in the bill, which,
instead of being wide and curved, is straight and compressed, and with the
gonys strongly ascending to the tip, and the union of the outer and middle
toe is also a strong character. This group is much more rapacious and shrike-
like in its characters than the preceding. Belonging to this group I have seen
X. syndactyla (Swainson), X. canicapellus (Hartlaub), X. notatus (Cassin), and
X. tricolor (Cassin).

81. Xenocichla syndactyla, (Swainson).

Dasycephala syndactyla, Swains. B. of W. Afr. i. p. 261, (1837.)
Trichophorus syndactylus, (Swains.) Hartlaub.

This large and handsome species is in the collection from the Ogobai. It is?
the most shrike-like and rapacious species of this group that I have seen, and
both geuerically and specifically is strongly characterized.

Large, bill straight, compressed. Tail and upper coverts bright rufous, up-
per parts dark olive, outer edges of quills with a tinge of rufous, under parts
greenish yellow, palest on the throat, the green more distinct on the breast
and sides. Total length about 9 inches, wing 4, tail 4 inches. Outer

[Jan .

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45

united to the middle toe to the last joint, or for ahout two thirds of its
length.
Several specimens from the Ogobai river.

82. Xenocichla notata, (Cassin.)

Trichophorus notatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1856, p. 159.
From the Camma, and formerly from the Moonda and Muni rivers. Easily-
distinguished by the large yellow spot in front of the eye, which is the color
also of the under parts of the body, tinged with green on the breast and sides.
Upper parts yellowish olive green, not so dark as in the preceding. Tail olive
green, nearly the same as other upper parts, four outer feathers on each side,
with large pale yellow spots at their tips, under wing coverts pale yellow. To-
tal length about 7J inches, wing 3|, tail 3 inches. Outer toe united to the
middle for about half its length. Female smaller and with the bill shorter,
but with the colors very nearly as in the male.

83. Xenocichla tricolor, (Cassin.)

Trichophorus tricolor, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1857, p. 33.
From the Camma and formerly from the Muni river. Smaller than either
of the preceding two species. Tail and its upper coverts dark chestnut,
slightly tinged with greenish, entire upper parts olive green, under parts green-
ish yellow, clearer on the throat and more shaded with green on the breast
and sides, exposed ends of secondaries having a tinge of rufous or chestnut
like the tail. Total length about 6| inches, wing 3, tail 3 inches. Outer toe
united to the middle slightly beyond the first joint. Female smaller than the
male but similar in colors.

84. Hemixos serinus, (Verreaux.)

Criniger serinus, Verr. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 105, (1855, March.)
Criniger xanthogaster, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1855, p. 327 (April.)
Specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Moonda. This bird is
exactly the same genus to me as Criniger ictericus, Strickland, and another
species labelled in the Acad. Coll. " T. indicus, Ceylon." Sexes alike.

85. Hemixos indicator, (Verreaux.)

Criniger indicator, Verr. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 105, (March, 1855.)
Trichophorus leucurus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855, p. 328, (April.)
This is a very bad Hemixos, but a worse Criniger or Trichophorus. It is a
heavy and strong bird with the bill wider and thicker and the tail shorter
than in either of the genera mentioned. It is for me the type of a generic or
sub-generic group approaching Cossypha and Geocichla in form, but different
in color.
Specimens from the Camma.

86. Andropadus latirostris, Strickland.

Anclropadus latirostris, Strick. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 100.

Frazer, Zool. Typ. Birds, pi. 35, (young.)

Bill and feet pale colored, and under mandible almost entirely white in
both adult and young. Under wing coverts yellowish olive, fifth quill long-
est. Throat with a line on each side of pale yellow, very distinct in the adult,
and generally to be traced in the young ; entire upper parts dark olive, upper
tail coverts and tail greenish brown. Middle of throat and breast olive, abdo-
men pale greenish yellow, tibia? and under tail coverts reddish olive. Quills
edged internally with dull white. Bill wide, depressed, serrations in upper
mandible distinct. The young bird frequently has the wings tinged with
the same reddish brown as on the tail. Total length 6| to 7 inches.

Specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Muni.

87. Andropadus gracilirostris, Strickland.

Andropadus gracilirostris, Strick. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 100.
Bill and feet always dark horn color. Under wing coverts and inner edges
of quills dark ochre yellow. Entire upper parts yellowish olive, under parts
1859.] 4

46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

greenish cinereous, tibiae and under tail coverts pale rufous. Bill narrower
and more slender than in the preceding. Total length about 7 inches. Ser-
rations in the upper mandible not numerous but distinct.
From the Camma and formerly from the Moonda.

88. Andropadus virens, Cassin.

Andropadus virens, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. \857, p. 34.

Smaller than either of the preceding, and more nearly related to the typical
A. importunus, of southern Africa. Bill and feet brownish horn color, the
latter lighter. Under wing coverts pale greenish yellow, inner edges of quills
very pale reddish white. Entire plumage olive, paler beneath, middle of ab-
domen yellow. Upper tail coverts and tail greenish brown. Total length
about 6 inches.

This appears to be the most abundant species of Equatorial Africa, having
been received in all of Mr. Duchaillu's collections.

89. Andropadus curvirostris, nobis.

About the size of A. gracilirostris and latirostris. Bill rather narrow, curved,
serrations in upper mandible distinct. Under wing coverts pale greenish yel-
low. Upper parts olive, darker on the head, upper tail coverts and tail red-
dish brown, under parts lighter olive, tinged with reddish brown on the breast
and sides and inclining to yellow on the abdomen. Quills dark brown, edged
outwardly with olive, and on their inner edges with pale greenish yellow.
Bill and feet bluish horn color, edges of both mandibles white. Total length
about 6f inches, wing 3, tail 3 inches.

Hab. River Camma, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

Tbis bird has the bill wider than in A. gracilirostris, and not so wide nor so
strong as in A. latirostris, and more curved than in either. I have heretofore
regarded it as the young of the former, but it appears to be a distinct species.
Numerous specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Muni.

90. Ixos ashantecs, Bonaparte.

Ixos ashanteus, Bonap. Consp. Av. i. p. 266.
Specimens from the Camma, and received in small numbers in several other
of Mr. Duchaillu's collections.

91. Ixonotus guttatus, Verreaux.

Ixonotus guttatus, J. and E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 306.
Evidently not an uncommon bird in Equatorial Africa. From the Camma,
and formerly in other collections from Mr. Duchaillu.

Genus Pyrrhurus, nobis.

Bill rather wide at base, upper mandible curved towards the end and dis-
tinctly notched, base with about 4 or 5 pairs of long and rather strong bristles.
Wing rather long, first quill short, fifth longest, legs and feet strong, claws
large, tail long, wide, rounded. Feathers of the head in front stiff and scale-
like. Type Phyllastrephus scandens. Swainson.

92. Pyrrhurus pallescens, (Hartlaub.)

Trichophorus pallescens, Hartl. Orn. W. Afr., p. 86, (1857.)
In the collection from the Ogobai are several specimens which agree so com-
pletely with Dr. Hartlaub's very careful description, cited above, that I cannot
avoid the conclusion that they are the species intended, though he gives the
locality of his specimens as "Gambia." The present specimens are precisely
of the same generic form as Phyllastrephus scandens, Swainson, and resemble
that species exceedingly in color also, but are smaller, as will be seen by Dr.
Hartlaub's description, and constantly differ in the color of the under parts of
the body and the under wing coverts. Specimens of P. scandens are in the
Acad, coll., labelled in the handwriting of Mr. Jules Verreaux.

With undoubted specimens also before me of Phyllastrephus capensis from
the Cape of Good Hope, it is very palpable that these birds are not of the same

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 4"

genus. In fact P. capensis has short wings, and P. scandens the wings long,
and in other points of structure these birds are quite different, though belong-
ing to the same group of Thrushes, and allied to Ixos and Andropadus.

93. Pyrrhurus leucopleurus, (Cassin.)

Phyllastrephus leucopleurus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. 1855, p. 328.

Several specimens from the Camma do not vary materially from my descrip-
tion, as cited above. The affinities of this bird are more nearly to the prece-
ding and P. scandens than to any African birds with which I am acquainted,
but there are Asiatic species also to which it is related. The bristles at the
base of the bill in the present bird are smaller than in the preceding.

This bird approximates to Asiatic birds, very confusedly given by authorB
as species of the genera Brachypus, Napothera, Trichophorus and others. It
quite considerably resembles a species received from the Leyden Museum,
labelled " Trichophorus striolatus, Miiller, Java," but is larger and has the
tail longer, though it is apparently of the same genus. There are also other
birds in the Acad. coll. variously estimated generically, but of the same group
as the present species. I arrange it here provisionally, until I can find out
further.

94. Muscipeta flaviventris, Verreaux.

Muscipeta flaviventris, Verr. Cab. Jour. iii. p. 103, (1855.)

Muscipeta tricolor, Fraser ?
A very beautiful species, varying much at different ages, but recognizable by
the peculiar rich red orange or bay of the under parts. In the adult the
plumage on the upper parts of the body is orange yellow at the base of the
feathers, and on the rump the feathers are of the same color as the under parts,
but tipped with bluish ashy. With some displacement of the feathers the rump
might readily be supposed to be of the same color as the under parts.
Specimens from the Camma and from the Moonda are nearly all young.

95. Muscipeta melampyra, Verreaux.

Muscipeta melampyra, Verr.
Specimens in several of Mr. Duchaillu's collections. From the Camma.

96. Muscipeta Smithii, Fraser.

Muscipeta Smithii, Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1S43, p. 34.
Another very handsome species recognizable without difficulty from the
description as cited. This bird bears relations to both Muscipeta nigriceps
(Hartlaub)* and M. flaviventris, Verreaux, and in fact looks like a specimen
of the former, with the tail of the latter appended. Head glossy bluish black,
back, rump, wing coverts and entire under parts fine orange-rufous, quills and
tail brownish black, with a strong tinge of bluish ashy on the outer webs of
the feathers. Total length about 7| inches. The black of the head extends
further on the neck in this species than in M. nigriceps, and the color of the
tail is entirely different, being fine reddish or chestnut orange in the latter.

97. Muscipeta melanogastra, Swaineon ?

Muscipeta melanogastra, Swains. B. of W. Afr. ii. p. 55, (1837)?
Specimens which I refer provisionally to this species are not adult, and but

* Muscipeta nigriceps, (Hartlaub.)

" Tohitrea nigriceps, Temm." Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 91.

Velvet-headed Flycatcher, Lath. Gen. Hist. vi. p. 198.
Both sexes of this species are in the Acad, coll., having been received in Dr.
Macdowell's collection from St. Paul's river. Head and throat glossy purplish
black, quills dark brown, all other parts of the plumage, including tail, rich
orange rufous, inclining to chestnut on the breast, tail with the middle feathers
much the longest in the male. Female with the tail short, head and throat
dark brown, all other parts of the plumage dull orange rufous. Total length,
% about 9^ inches, < about 6 inches.

1859.]

48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

few only have been received from Mr. Duchaillu. With numerous specimens
of M. melanogastra in various stages of plumage, from the Gambia in the Acad.
Coll., I cannot avoid suspecting that the adult of the birds in the present col-
lection would be different. The young are much alike in general characters.

98. Muscipeta spbciosa, nobis.

Generally resembling M. melampyra, Verreaux, but smaller and with the tail
long, and having a white longitudinal stripe on the wing like M. melanogastra
and M. rufwentris. Tail long, with the two middle feathers much the longest,
others graduated, wing moderate, fifth quill longest, bill stout, rather wide and
thick but not so long as usual in this genus, bristles at base of both mandibles
conspicuous. Upper tail coverts in- adult glossy black. Head, neck and breast
glossy black with a green lustre, abdomen and under tail coverts dark bluish
ashy or nearly black, wing coverts and quills black, greater wing coverts widely
edged with white, secondary quills widely edged externally with white, (forming
a conspicuous white spot on the wing coverts, continued in a longitudinal stripfi
on the quills). Under wing coverts dark ashy, nearly black, same as the under
parts of the body. Upper parts of body fine rufous chestnut, shorter quills
edged with rufous chestnut. Tail rufous, rather lighter than the back, all the
feathers edged towards the end with brownish black, and the middle feathers
brownish black along their shafts and tipped with that color. Bill and feet black.

Total length from tip of bill to end of tail about 9 inches, wing 3^, tail 6,
middle tail feathers exceed the next pair by 2^ inches, bill from gape -| inch.

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This is a species of the same general appearance as M. melanogastra, holose-
ricea, rnfiventris and others, and resembling in colors, especially of the under
parts of the body, M. melampyra as stated above. In M. melampyra, the under
tail coverts are bright rufous, and it has no white stripe on the wing. In the
present species, the under tail coverts are dark ashy, exactly the same as the
abdomen, and the white spot ami stripe on the wing are very conspicuous. The
upper tail coverts, especially the longest of them, next to the tail are lustrous
greenish black in the present bird, which character distinguishes it from all other
species with which I am acquainted. There is no other known African species
that has the under tail coverts dark cinereous, except M. senegalensis, Lesson,
which, however, only generally resembles the present bird, so far as can be
gathered from the descriptions.

99. Muscipeta Duchaillui, nobis.

Generally resembling the Asiatic 31. paradisi, (Linnaeus) but smaller and
with the long feathers of the tail white in both sexes. Crested, bill wide,
somewhat depressed, bristles at the base of both mandibles long and conspicu-
ous, wing moderate, fifth quill longest, middle feathers of the tail long, others
graduated. Male, adult. Back, rump and upper tail coverts reddish chestnut,
head and breast shining greenish black, abdomen dark ashy. Quills brownish
black, greater wing coverts and tertiary quills widely edged with white, form-
ing a very conspicuous white longitudinal stripe on the wing, under wing co-
verts dark ashy (same as abdomen) middle tail feathers white, with their shafts
black at the base, outer tail feathers brownish black, several of the longer
edged with white on their inner webs. Female, adult. Back, rump, upper tail
coverts and tail snotvy white, the shafts of the tail feathers for about half the
length of the middle feathers and throughout the others, black. Crested, head
and breast shining greenish black, (as in the male) abdomen and under tail co-
verts white, the former mixed and striped with black on the flanks, quills
brownish black, greater coverts and outer edges of tertiaries white, under wing
coverts white. Bill and feet ashy bluish brown. Young % . Upper parts
white as in the female, but with longitudinal stripes of black, outer tail feath-
ers brownish black, edged with white, abdomen dark ashy, nearly black.

Total length about 14 inches, wing 3}, tail 10, middle feathers exceed the
others by 6 inches,

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49

This is one of the most remarkable birds yet discovered by Mr. Duchaillu,
and is also one of the handsomest species of Flycatchers yet known to inhabit
Western Africa. In general characters, this bird resembles the well known
Asiatic Muscipeta paradisi, and, as in that species, the male is chestnut colored
on the upper parts of the body, and the female is white. The present bird has
also relations to M. mutala, and others of Southern and Eastern Africa, but is
quite different.*

* The following species of Muscipeta are in the Museum of this Academy.

Asiatic.

1. Muscipeta paradisi, (Linnaeus) Le Vaill. Ois d'Afr. iii. pi. 144, 145.

2. Muscipeta afiinis, (Hay.)

3. Muscipeta rufa, (G. R. Gray,) Gray's Genera, i. pi. 64.

4. Muscipeta leucogastra, Swainson, Flycatch. Nat. Lib., pi. 24.

5. Muscipeta principalis, Temm., Faun. Jap. Birds, pi. 17.

6. Muscipeta cyaniceps, Cassin, Voy. Vincennes, Birds, pi. 9, fig. 1.

African.

7. Muscipeta cristata" (Gmelin,) Le Vaill. Ois d'Afr., iii. pi. 142, 143.
Numerous specimens from the Cape of Good Hope, and one specimen from

" Nova Redonda, Western Africa." The latter collected and presented by Dr.
A. A. Henderson, Surgeon, U. S. Navy.

8 Muscipeta borbonica, (Gmelin.)

9. Muscipeta melanogastra, Swainson.

Specimens from Gambia and others from Equatorial Africa, received from
Mr. Duchaillu. The latter I assign to this species with some hesitation.

10. Muscipeta rufiventris, Swainson, B. of W. Afr., ii. pi. 4.

11. Muscipeta mutata, (Gmelin) Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr., iii. pi. 148.

12. Muscipeta holosericea, (Temminck) Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 147.

13. " Muscipeta Gaimardi, Madagascar." Label in Rivoli Collection.

The last three names I regard as possibly applicable to one species only, iu
stages of plumage analogous to those of M. paradisi, and of my M. Duchaillui,
but I advance this as an opinion only, at present. These three are all labelled
in the Acad. Coll. as from Madagascar. The last seems to be Tchilrea Gaimar-
di. Lesson, Traite, i. 386, which is stated to be from New Guinea, an error cor-
rected by M. Pucheran, in Arch, du Mus. Paris, vii. p. 372.

14. Muscipeta Ferreti, (Guerin), Ferret et Galinier, Voy. Abyssinia, Ois. pi. 8.
Specimens of both sexes from Abyssinia.

15. Muscipeta flaviventris, (Verreaux).

16. Muscipeta melampyra, (Verreaux).

17. Muscipeta Smithii, Fraser.

18. Muscipeta nigriceps, (Hartlaub).

19. Muscipeta speciosa, Cassin.

20. Muscipeta Duchaillui, Cassin.

Of these species there are several subgeneric groups, one of the most distinct
of which is composed of M, flaviventris, Smithii, and melampyra. In addition to
the species here given, there are various others in the Acad. Coll., nearly re-
lated, if not actually entitled to be included in the genus Muscipeta; for in-
stance, Muscicapa pyrrhoptera, Temm., which is placed by Bonaparte in the ge-
nus Philentoma, Eyton, but with doubtful propriety as a congener of P. velatum
and Muscicapa cyanomelas. For me, the first three species of Philentoma, as ar-
ranged by Bonaparte, (Consp. Av. i. p. 314,) belong to three different genera.
The fourth species I do not know.

1859.]

50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

To this beautiful species, I have great pleasure iu applying the name of Mr.
Uuchaillu, who, in the three )'ears past, during which he has been in Africa,
has fairly earned the distinction of being the most successful zoological tra-
veller of the present time, and who has, in ornithology especially, made very
important discoveries.

100. Trochocercus nitens, nobis.

Of the same generic group as Musdcapa cyanomelas, Vieill. Le Vaill. Ois.
d'Afr. iv. pi. 151, and in some measure resembling that species. Crested, bill
smaller and more narrow than in typical species of Muscipeta, wing moderate,
fifth quill longest, tail moderate, bristles at the base of both mandibles strong,
and nearly as long as the bill.

6 Head, breast, and entire upper parts glossy bluish black, which is also
the color of the wings and tail. Abdomen and under tail coverts light cinere-
ous, very pale or nearly white next to the black color on the breast, under wing
coverts white, bill and feet bluish gray.

5 . Top of head (or crest) only glossy black as in the male, back and other
upper parts dark cinereous, (without lustre,) wings and tail ashy black. Entire
under parts light cinereous, darker on the throat and breast, and very pale on
the abdomen, under wing coverts light ashy, nearly white. Total length, % ,
about 5| inches, wing 2i, tail 2| inches. % slightly smaller.

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This is a second species of the same group to which belongs Muscicapa cyano-
melas, Le Vaill Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 151, as stated above, but is a very distinct
and well marked species, entirely without the white scapulars and tertiaries
which so strongly mark that bird, and are well represented in Le Yaillant's
plate cited above. In the male, the head and breast and entire upper parts of
the body, including the wing coverts and shorter quills, are lustrous bluish
black, changing to greenish according to the light. The abdomen is clear
ashy, very pale next to the black of the breast, and there almost assuming the
form of a transverse narrow band of ashy white.

Several specimens of both sexes of this interesting little bird are in the col-
lection from the Camma and Rembo rivers.

101. Trochocercus ?

Several specimens of young birds in the collection from the Camma seem
to indicate a third species of this group larger than either T. cyanomelas or T.
nitens. Young of both sexes resemble the females of both the species just
mentioned, but are of darker cinereous, and like them have the crest only
black. The bill is larger and more depressed. I do not regard it as expedient
to propose a new specific designation in this difficult family, without having
adult specimens.

102. Bias musicus, (Vieillot.)

Platyrhynchus musicus, Vieill. Nouv. Diet, xxvii. p. 15.
Myiagra flavipes, Swains. Flyc. Nat. Lib. p. 255, 308.
Specimens from the Camma and formerly from the Moonda. Young % . Like
the female, but with the entire plumage mixed with black feathers.

103. Artomyias fuliginosa, Verreaux.

Artomyias fuliginosa, J. & E. Verreaux, Cab. Jour. 1855, p. 104, (March.)
Butalis infuscatus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1855, p. 326, (April.)
From the Camma and formerly from the Moonda and Cape Lopez.

104. Platystira melanoptera, (Gmelin.)

Muscicapa melanoptera, Gm. Syst. Nat. i. p. 939, (1788.)
Jard. and Selb. 111. Orn. i. pi. 9.
Numerous specimens in all of Mr. Duchaillu's collections.

105. Platystira leucopygialis, Fraser.

Platystira leucopygialis, Fras. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1842, p. 142.

Platystira castanea, Fras. ut sup. p. 141
Frazer Zool. Typ. Birds, pi. 34.
From the Camma and Ogobai.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 51

106. Muscicapa grisola, Linnaeus.

Muscicapa grisola, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p.

Butalis Afrieaaa, Bonap. Couiptes Rendus, 1854, p. 652?

Gould, B. of Eur. pi. 65. Naumann, B. Germ. pi. 64.
Several specimens from the Ogobai and Rembo, not distinguishable from the
European bird, but are not in fully adult plumage. In the African specimens
the bill is smaller than usual in this species from Europe, but they do not
appear to be specifically distinct.

107. Muscicapa, ?

A second species of typical Muscicapa, in the collection from the Camma, but
which I cannot identify with any species or description with which I am ac-
quainted. Adult Upper parts clear bluish-ashy, lighter on the rump, and
with longitudinal lines of brownish black on the head. Throat and abdomen
white, breast pale ashy, nearly the same as the back, under wing coverts ashy
white, quills and tail brownish black. An obscure line of ashy white in front
of the eye. Bill and feet black. Young % . Upper parts cinereous, many fea-
thers, with large terminal spots of dull yellowish, under parts dull white, with
spots and edging of brownish black. Tail black, narrowlv tipped with white.

Total length about 5 inches, wing 2|, tail 2\ inches.

108. Muscicapa epulata, (Cassin).

Butalis epulatus, Cassia, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1855, p. 326.
Specimens show some difference in the shade of ashy of the upper parts, but
appear to be identical. In the more adult the lower mandible and the feet are
light colored or nearly white in the dried skin. From the Camma.

109. Ervthrocercus McCallii, (Cassin).

Pycnosphrys McCallii, Ca?sin. Proc. Acad. Philada. 1855, p. 326.
A single specimen from the Camma, not different in any respect from that
formerly received from the Moonda.

110. Hyliota violacea, Verreaux.

Hyliota violacea, Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 308.
From the Camma and formerly from the Moonda.

111. Fraseria ocreata, (Strickland).

Tephrodornis ocreatus, Strickl. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1844, p. 102.

Fraser, Zool. Typ. Birds, pi. 36.
Both sexes from the Camma. The dark edgings of the plumage of the breast
varies in different specimens, in some extending to the sides and abdomen, in
others nearly obsolete. Sexes nearly alike in colors, female smaller.

112. Fraseria cinerascens, Hartlaub.

" Stiphrornis cinerascens, Temm. Mus. Lugd." Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 102.
This species much resembles the preceding, but is smaller, and can be easily
distinguished by the white spot ia front and over the eye, which is present in
both sexes at all ages. Sexes very nearly alike, but the female and young male
generally have the breast and flanks strongly tinged with dull fulvous or ochre
color. From the Camma and Ogobai.

113. Parisoma melanurum, nobis.

About the size of P. subcaeruleum, (Vieill.) Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. iii. pi. 126.
Bill rather thick, upper mandible distinctly notched, under mandible with the
ridge ascending, wing moderate, first quill short, fourth longest, tail rather
long, legs rather long. Middle six feathers of the tail black, outer two white,
intermediate black, tipped with white. Entire plumage cinereous, darker on
the head and upper parts of the body, lighter on the throat and breast, and
nearly white on the abdomen. An obscure white line in front of the eye.
Under wing coverts ashy white, under tail coverts pale fulvous. Quills brown
edged externally with ashy white. Bill light corneous, under mandible white

1859.]

52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

at base, tarsi light bluish. Young 5 Entire under parts ashy, many of the
feathers edged with light rufous, under tail coverts pale rufous, upper parts
darker ashy, wing coverts and quills edged with pale rufous. Total length
about 5^ inches, wing 2|, tail 2\ inches.

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

About the same size as the South African Parisoma, mentioned above, but
with the bill thicker and longer. In the young bird the under tail coverts are
pale rufous, which color becomes more indistinct, and assumes a fulvous shade
in more advanced age. Several specimens from the Camma and Itembo. Sexes
alike.

114. Parisoma olivascens, nobis.

About the size of the preceding, or slightly larger; bill shorter and thicker,
tail rather long. Entire upper parts ashy olive, wings and tail olive brown,
quills edged externally with pale yellowish ashy, and internally with white.
Throat, and under tail coverts white, breast and abdomen greenish ashy, paler
on the latter, under wing coverts white. Fpper mandible bluish corneous,
under mandible yellowish white, legs pale colored. Total length 5| inches,
wings 2f, tail 2\ inches.

Hab. Camma river, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

This bird is of the same general form as the preceding, but has the bill
stronger, and the colors of the plumage are entirely different. The tail in the
present bird is greenish brown, the outer feathers more distinctly edged with
ashy olive, very nearly uniform with the upper parts of the body. One speci-
men only is in the collection from the Camma, and is labelled as a male. Both
the species here described have the bills longer and thicker than P. subcaeru-
leum.

Genus Hypodes, nobis.
Allied to Parisoma, but with the general form shorter and stronger. Tail
short, bill thick, rather wide at base, upper mandible distinctly notched at the
tip, bristles at base of the upper mandible distinct, wing moderate or rather
long, first quill short, third and fourth longest and nearly equal, legs and feet
moderate, or rather slender. Type Eopsaltria cinerea, Cassin.

115. Hypodes cinerea, (Cassin).

Eopsaltria cinerea, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1856, p. 253.
This little bird is allied to the preceding two species, but is generically dis-
tinct, and has the tail short, while in those the tail is rather unusually long.
In my judgment this bird and Parisoma are not distant relations of Virco and
Eopsaltria.

116. Campephaga nigra, Vieillot.

Campephaga nigra, Vieill.

Le Vaill. Ois. d'Afr. iv. pi. 165.

There is a constant difference in the metallic lustre of different specimens,
almost inclining me to the opinion, that they are two species. Both are en-
tirely black, and about the same size, but the lustre of one is green, and of the
other rich purple and violet. The former is strictly identical with South African
specimens in Acad. Coll.

From the Camma, and formerly from the Muni.

117. Lobotos Temminckii, Hartlaub?

Lobotos Temminckii, Hartl. Orn. W. Afr. p. 99?
Ceblepyris lobatus, Temm. PI. Col. 279, 280 ?
A single specimen labelled as a young male, is either this species or an un-
described bird. It much resembles the figure of the female given by Temm. in
PI. Col. 280, but has the entire head cinereous, darker on the top of the head,
lighter and nearly white on the throat. Upper part of body yellowish olive,
under parts fine yellow, quills dark brown, edged internally with yellow, tail
olive, external feathers with their outer webs yellow. Total length 7f inches.

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 53

118. Ceblepyris azurea, (Cassin.)

Graucalus azureus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1851, p. 348.
Two specimens in the collection from the Gamma, and so far as I am informed
the only known specimens except that formerly received from Dr. Macdowell,
and described by me as above. It is with much gratification that I record the
second occurrence of this species, which is quite peculiar amongst the African
birds of this group, and is strongly distinguished by its uniform blue plumage.
The present specimens are fully adult, being rather larger than that described
by me, and have the quills uniform clear black, without the white transverse
lines at the end, which are in the original specimen, and seem to mark a
younger bird. Total length about 8 inches. The general appearance of this
bird is not unlike that of the young or immature plumage of Irena puella of
Asia.

119. Dicrurus coracinus, Verreaux.

Dicrurus coracinus, J. & E. Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 311.
From the Camma and Ogobai, and strictly identical with specimens from Mr.
Verreaux, in the museum of this Academy,

120. Dicrcrcs atripennis, Swainson ?

Dicrurus atripennis, Swains. B. of W. Afr. i. p. 256?
Several specimens which I doubtfully refer to this species. It is smaller than
the dimensions given by Swainson as above, the total length being about 8
inches, but is evidently nearly allied, if not identical with his species. This
bird has the tail but very slightly forked, and bears relations also to my D.
aculeatus and to D. Ludwigii, Smith, of Eastern and Southern Africa, both of
which are now before me. D. atripennis is not in the Academy collection.

121. Sigmodus rufiventris, Bonaparte.

Sigmodus rufiventris, Bonap. Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1853, p. 441.
Several specimens from tlie Ogobai and formerly from the Moonda. Sexes
alike, except that in the female the head above is clear white, without the tinge
of cinereous generally to be seen in specimens. This species is rather smaller
and quite distinct from S. caniceps. Temminck.

122. Laniarius cruentus, (Lesson.)

Vanga cruenta, Less. Belanger's Voy. Zool. p. 256, (1834.)
" Harcolestes hypopyrrhus, Bonaparte," Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1855, p. 419.
Lesson, Cent. Zool. pi. 65.

Very fine specimens of this beautiful species are from the Ogobai and Rembo
and formerly from the Moonda. The female is similar to the male in general
characters, but is rather smaller and has the colors less distinct.

123. Laniarius chloris, (Dumont.)

Laniua chloris, Dumont, Diet, des Sci. Nat. xi. p. 226, (1826.)
Malaconotus Peli, Bonaparte, Consp. Av. i. p. 360, (1850.)
Laniarius lepidus, Cassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. vii. p. 327, (1855.)
The description of Lanius chloris, as cited above, is not sufficient to identify
it with this or any other species. In applying this name to the bird now before
me, I rely entirely on the conclusion of Dr. Hartlaub, in Orn. W. Afr., p. 109,
and necessarily disregarding the statement made by the Prince Bonaparte that
L. chloris is a second species of the genus Ixonotus, Verreaux (Comptes Ren-
dus, Acad. Paris, 1854, p. 533.)

From the Camma, and received in all the collections from Mr. Duchaillu.

124. Dryoscopus affinis, G. R. Gray.

Dryoscopus affinis, G. R. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1837, p. 489.
Specimens from the Ogobai and others from the Moonda, that I cannot dis-
tinguish from others in the Acad. Coll. from Zanzibar.

1859.]

54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

125. Dryoscopus major, (Hartlaub.)

Telophonus major, Hartl. Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 108.
Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hamburg, 1848, pi. 5.
Specimens of both sexes from the Camma.

126. Dryoscopus carbonarius, (Cassin.)

Laniarius carbonarius, Oassin, Proc. Acad. Philada. 1851, p. 347.
Telophonus leucorhynchus, Hartlaub, Rev. Zool. 1848, p. 108?

Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Hamburg, 1848, pi. 6 ?

Though the names here given seem to be regarded as certainly synonymous
by very reliable ornithologists, I have never been able to reconcile that conclu-
sion with the fact that both sexes of my D. carbonarius have the bill black.
In T. leucorhynchus, the bill of the male is white, and that of the female black,
and the measurements given as above, and elsewhere, with his usual accuracy,
by Dr. Hartlaub, are smaller than in specimens of my species.

There are, in Mr. Duchaillu's collections, numerous specimens of L. carbona-
rius of both sexes, and very similar in all their characters, but previous to the
arrival of the present collection from the Camma, I had never seen a specimen
with the bill light colored, or of any other color than black. In this col-
lection, however, there are two specimens evidently not in mature plumage, one
of which, labelled as a male, has the bill varied with dull brownish black and
pale yellowish white, and showing a tendency to become either white or black,
but impossible to determine which. These two specimens are smaller than
those of L. carbonarius, being very nearly the size given by Dr. Hartlaub, and
have the plumage more strongly tinged with brown as represented in his plate
cited above. My opinion is, at present, that the two species are distinct.

From the Camma and Ogobai, and formerly from the Moonda.

127. Chaunonotus Sabinei, (J. E. Gray).

Thamnophilus Sabinei, J. E. Giay, Zool. Misc. p. 7, (1842).

Hapalophus melanoleucus, Verreaux, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 312.
Jard. and Selby, 111. Orn. n. s. pi. 27.
From the Camma, and formerly from the Muni and Moonda.

128. Turdirostris fulvescens, nobis.

Of the same genus as " Myiothera philomela, Temm. Borneo," and very nearly
related to " Myiothera inornata" " Trichostoma umbralile" and " Trichostoma cele-
bense," of the Acad. Coll. and generally resembling those species in colors, but
larger than either of them. Bill rather large, wing moderate, rounded, fifth
quill longest, tail moderate, rounded, legs rather long, feathers of the back long,
soft, bristles at the base of the bill strong. Head above dark ashy brown,
cheeks ashy, throat ashy white. Upper parts of body reddish-brown, with a
tinge of olive on the back, and becoming clear dark ferrugineous on the rump
and upper tail coverts. Under parts of body dull ashy white, much tinged with
dull ochraceous or fulvous on the breast and sides. In some specimens the en-
tire under parts are dull reddish fulvous. Quills dark brown, edged externally
with the same color as the back, tail dark chestnut brown. Bill with the upper
mandible horn color, under mandible yellowish white, legs light brownish. 9
Smaller, and with the plumage more strongly tinged with ferrugineous on the
upper parts, throat ashy white, under parts of body ashy white in some speci-
mens, dull fulvous in others.

Total length, $ , about 6 inches, wing 3, tail 2| inches. $ Total length
about 5|, wing 2, tail 1\ inches.

Hab. River Camma, Western Africa. Discovered by Mr. P. B. Duchaillu.

To me this bird is exactly the same genus as a species in the Acad. Coll.
labelled in Europe, " Myiothera philomela, Temm. Borneo," and is nearly related
to others as stated above. Its colors much resemble those of the species just
mentioned, and also of " Trichostoma umbralile and celebensis," of which very in-
different figures are given in Jardine's Cont. Orn. for Nov. 1849. The tails ia

[Jan.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55

these two birds are not unusually short as represented in the plate alluded to,
and in other respects the figures are scarcely recognizable with the original
specimens before me. These species are included in the genus Turdirostris, Hay,
Bonap. Comp. Av. i. p. 217.

The present bird presents considerable diversity in the shade of colors, and
especially in the greater or less prevalence of ferrugineous or dark fulvous on
both the upper and under parts of the body. So far as I know, it is the first
species yet ascertained to inhabit Western Africa, of a group of birds quite
numerous in the islands of the Malay Archipelago, at about the same latitude
of Mr. Duchaillu's operations, or within a few degrees of the Equator. In fact,
species from equatorial Africa, similar to others in the equatorial Asiatic Isl-
ands, have now been discovered to such extent as to be quite remarkable.

With this species I conclude the Dentiroslres of the present very interesting
collection, and hope to continue this Catalogue without intermission next
month.

In accordance with the by-laws, the following members were elected
on the Standing Committees for the present year.

1. Ethnology, J. A. Meigs, S. S. Haldeman, T. G. Morton. 2.
Comparative Anatomy and General Zoology, Joseph Leidy, James M
Corse, W. A. Hammond. 3. Mammalogy, John Le Conte, J. H.
Slack, Wm. Camac. 4. Ornithology, John Cassin, T. B. Wlson, S.
W. Woodhouse. 5. Herpetology and Ichthyology , Edward Hallowell,
Robert Bridges, J. C. Morris. 6. Conchology, T. A. Conrad, W. Gr.
Binney, W. S. W. Ruschenberger. 7. Entomology and Crustacea,
Robert Bridges, John L. Le Conte, J. J. Brown. 8. Botany, Elias
Durand, A. J. Brazier, Joseph Carson. 9. Geology, Isaac Lea, C. E.
Smith, J. P. Lesley. 10. Mineralogy, W. S. Vaux, J. C. Trautwine,
W. Gr. E. Agnew. 11. Palaeontology, T. B. Wilson, Joseph Leidy, T.
A. Conrad. 12. Physics, B. H. Rand, W. M. Uhler, Edward Tilgh-
man. 13. Library, W. S. Vaux, Isaac Barton, T. B. Wilson. 14.
Proceedings, John L. Le Conte, Joseph Leidy, W. S. Vaux, C Scull,
W. S. W. Ruschenberger.

February 1st.

Vice President Bridges in the Chair.

Forty members present.

A paper was presented for publication in the Proceedings, entitled
Ichthyological Notices, by Charles Girard, M. D., and was referred to
a Committee.

The resignation of Thomas B. Wilson, M. D., as member of the
Committees on Palaeontology and the Library, tendered this evening,
was accepted.

On motion of Mr. Cassin, a special vote of thanks was given to
Mr. James Hammill, for his handsome donation of the skeleton of a
horse, received this evening.

1859.]

56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Feb. $th.

Dr. Hays in the Chair.

Twenty-nine members present.

Dr. Rand announced the death at sea, on his return from China, of
Captain McMichael, late a member elect of the Academy.

Feb. 15th.
Vice President Bridges in the Chair.

Thirty-eight members present.

Papers were presented for publication of the Proceedings, entitled,
Observations on the Species of Nicotiana, by John Le Conte.

Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, California, by John L. Le
Conte, M. D.

And were referred to Committees.

Mr. Powel read extracts from a letter, giving information in relation
to certain fossil bones in the neighborhood of Eufield, North Carolina.

Feb. 22c?.

Vice President Bridges in the Chair.

Forty members present.

On report of Committees on the Biological Department, the follow-
ing named papers were recommended for publication in a medical journal.

Observations on the exposed hearts of Animals, by S. Weir Mitchell,
M. D.

Observations on the colorless blood-corpuscle, by Wm. A. Ham-
mond, M. D.

The following papers were, on report of the respective Committees,
ordered to be printed in the Proceedings :

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTICES.
BY CHARLES GIRARD, M. D.

V. We have often had an opportunity to speak of curious traits of organi-
zation amongst the fishes of California and Oregon, but we think that the
species which is the subject of this paragraph, yields nothing in that respect
to those alluded to elsewhere.

Let it be stated at once that it belongs to the blennioid family, as now un-
derstood by us, and will enter into the genus Neoclinus, as characterised in
the "Report upon the Fishes of the U. S. P. R. R. Expl. and Surveys," with-
out any material modification of its diagnosis. And yet when we first beheld
this singular creature prior to any examination of its organic structure we
were far from suspecting its natural affinities to the family to which it belongs
in reality. The fish is from eight to nine inches in total length ; its body is
very much compressed and tapering ; the head being about two inches long and
deeper than broad, superiorly convex, anteriorly rounded off ; the branchial
apertures are widely open, continuous under the throat ; the mouth is deeply

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 57

cleft ; the pectorals and ventrals, and the fins generally, assume a position and
an aspect, not departing from the normal rule in that family. In the charac-
ters thus far enumerated, there is nothing to attract very particularly the at-
tention, except, perhaps, the'broad exit to the respiratory stream ; and, as far
as the dentition is concerned, we have already stated its type by referring the
species to the genus Neoclinus. But now imagine a fish with all these charac-
ters, provided with a mouth very wide and deeply cleft, with the maxillar bones
in their usual position, developed beyond all proportions ; so much so that their
posterior extremity, which is considerably dilated, extends beyond the bran-
chiostegal apparatus. Between the cheeks and the inner edge of the maxillar
bones there is a connecting membrane, which measures about an inch and
a half along its posterior edge, and gives the mouth an enormous amplitude
when viewed in front ; both maxillars stretched. The same membrane extends
from the angle of the mouth, along the lower jaw to near its apex or sym-
physis, towards which it tapers. That abnormal development of the maxillar
bones reminds us of a similar peculiarity of structure in Opistognathus sonnerati,
upon which species the genus Opistognathus was founded. Another species of
the same genus Opistognathus, however, 0. ruvieri, does not possess the same
feature, and the generic characters of Opistognathus are now derived from other
structural traits. In treating of Neoclinus it will be recollected, we alluded to
the natural affinities between these two genera. They differ chiefly by the
dentition and the structure of the ventral fins : Neoclinus having conspicuous
palatine teeth and three articulated rays only to the ventrals ; whilst Opistog-
nathus has the palate toothless, or nearly so, and is provided with five articu-
lated rays to its ventral fins. The pectorals, dorsal, anal and caudal fins
present the same general appearance in both genera. Even the scales are
similar : they being small, imbricated and cycloid in their structure. The air
bladder, which is wanting in Neoclinus, is extant in Opistognathus.

It is more than probable that had we been acquainted with this second
species of Neoclinus first, we would have been misled as to its real generical
characters, and framed a name in allusion to the condition of the upper jaw,
such as Pterognathus for example, which would have been most characteristic,
for that upper jaw is as truly winged as the anterior members of the flying
squirrels. We cannot help thinking that Cuvier himself would not have coined
the name of Opistognathus had he had before him the species which bears his
name, instead of that which he dedicated to Sonnerat.

These two genera (Opistognathus and Neoclinus,) will furnish one of the best
themes to ichthyological studies, as they exemplify the fact that specific char-
acters may be developed to exaggeration, and become more conspicuous than
the generic characters themselves.

Returning now to the principal object of this paragraph, which is to record
a second species in the genus Neoclinus, and to which we give the name of N.
satiricus, the chief difference between the latter and N. blanchafdi resides in
development of the maxillar bones, above alluded to. The cephalic membra-
nous flaps or tentacles, which we noticed in the species formerly described.
do not appear to exist in the present one ; so that their expression will have
to be stricken out from the generical diagnosis. The formula of the rays : Br.
vi : vi ; D 42 ; A 29 ; C 3, 1, 5, 4, 1, 4 ; V 1, 3 ; P 14, bears a great resemblance
to that of N. blanchardi ; we have not been able to ascertain how many of the
rays of the dorsal fin are simple and unarticulated. The insertion of the ven-
trals takes place somewhat more in advance of the pectorals than in the species
just alluded to.

The color is uniform olivaceous brown, with a bluish black tint prevailing
over the sides of the head and the fins. The maxillar membrane is posteriorly
white edged, as in N. blanchardi.

The only specimen of this species that has come to our knowledge, was
caught at a depth of thirty fathoms, in the Bay of Monterey, r Cala., and sent to
the museum of the Smithsonian Institution by A. S. Taylor, Esq., to whom

1859.]

58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

science is already indebted for some of the rarest ichthyological and careino-
logical productions of the Pacific coast.

VI. A few months have scarcely elapsed sincere stated that no representa-
tives of the sub-order of apod malacopterian fishes had so far been observed
along the Pacific coast, west of the United States. We are now in possession
from that coast of a fine species, which, according to Kaup's classification, be-
longs to the family Opkisuridce, and more properly still to the subfamily Myro-
phincB. Its generical affinities are with Myrus, from which it, however, differs
by the dentition and the condition of the dorsal fin. The genus to which it
belongs may be characterized as follows : Pectoral fins present. Origin of
dorsal fin situated near the occiput, in advance of the base of the pectorals.
Head large, subcorneal, lower jaw shorter than the upper. Teeth granular,
disposed upon elongated patches, on the jaws, palate and nasal bones Eyes
well developed. Gill apertures lateral, of moderate development, and placed
vertically in advance of the pectoral fins. Body scaleless. A specimen from
Adair Bay, Oregon, measures about two feet in total length. Its body is sub-
cylindrical, somewhat compressed, and tapering gradually backwards. The
origin of the dorsal fin takes place near the occipital region, upon a vertical
line somewhat nearer the base of the pectorals than the posterior rim of the
eye. The beginning of the anal fin is nearer the extremity of the snout than
the tip of the tail. The pectoral fins are subelliptical in their outline, broader
than long. The head, from the apex of the rostrum to the branchial
aperture, measures about two inches, or else the twelfth part of the
total length ; it is subcorneal, anteriorly attenuated, the upper jaw projecting
considerably beyond the lower one. The gape of the mouth is nearly hori-
zontal ; its angles extending considerably beyond the orbits. The teeth are
subcorneal or hemidiscoid, granular or sand like in general appearance and of
various sizes ; very small ones occupying the intervening space between the
largest. They are disposed upon multiple series : three of these may be ob-
served towards the anterior portion of the dentary (lower jaw), whilst one
only extends backwards along that bone. There is a double series of them at
the upper jaw ; a double series also along the shaft of the vomer, the latter
being continuous forwards with the nasal patch, where three or four series exist.
The nostrils approximate the apex of the rostrum ; the upper ones are very
small, and placed opposite the inferior ones, which are conspicuous and tubu-
lar. The eyes are subelliptical and well developed ; their longitudinal diame-
ter entering twice upon the rostral distance anterior to the orbits.

The ground color is brownish olive, except the throat and belly which
are of a dull whitish tint. Rounded, dark brown spots, rather diffuse at their
periphery, constitute four longitudinal series from head to tail, leaving but the
abdominal region unicolor, for the throat exhibits small, blackish spots. The
spots about the head are likewise a good deal smaller and of a deeper hue
than along the rest of the body. The fins are olivaceous ; the anal and pecto-
rals being unicolor, whilst the dorsal fin is edged with white and exhibits
moreover a series of spots similar to those observed on the body.

We have selected the name of Myrichthys tigrinus for the above species. The
specimen upon which the foregoing observations were made, was caught in
Adair Bay, Oregon, by Capt. C. P. Stone, and presented to the Museum of the
Smithsonian Institution.

VII. A few years ago we have established the genus Cyprinella to include
sundry species of small cyprinoid fishes apparently very numerous in the
rivers and streams lying westwardly to the main bed of the Mississippi, as
well as in Texas and the Mexican provinces adjoining the Rio Grande del Norte
(Rio Bravo). Up to the time our reports upon these fishes passed through
the press, we had not met with any species of that genus east of the Alleghany
range. We are now in possession of numerous specimens of various sizes,
from an inch to three inches in total length, which appears to be the full grown

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OE PHILADELPHIA. 59

condition of the species. They were obtained from the waters of Rock creek,
which flows into the Potomac river nearly opposite Analostan island. In
general appearance they resemble young shiners (Luxilus americanus), for
which they might easily be taken by superficial observers. Upon a closer ex-
amination, however, the generic features, as pointed out elsewhere, become so
obvious, that when once observed, they can never fail to attract attention.
The body is elongated and subfusiform in profile ; the peduncle of the tail
being stoutish. The head enters four times and a half in the total length.
The eye is of moderate development and circular in shape ; its diameter enter-
ing about four times in the length of the side of the head. The snout is sub-
conical, and the fact of its projecting beyond the lower jaw is a trait partaken
more or less by all the species of this genus ; the gape of the mouth is directed
somewhat obliquely upwards ; the posterior extremity of the maxillar bone
corresponds to a vertical line drawn between the nostrils and the anterior rim
of the orbit. The dorsal fin is rather elevated, superiorly rounded off ; its an-
terior margin is equidistant between the apex of the snout and the last scales
at the base of the caudal fin. The origin of the ventral fins takes place some-
what anteriorly to the dorsal. The anal fin is deeper than long. The ventrals
are broader and shorter than the pectorals. The scales are larger than those
of the shiner (Luxilus americanus) and the lateral line, though defiexed, is much
less so than in the fish just alluded to. The color is uniformly silvery ; greyish
olive along the dorsal region, and of a metallic reflect over the rest of the body
and sides of the head. The fins are unicolor, except the dorsal which exhibits
a black spot at its posterior margin.

The species referred to in this paragraph resembles C. whipplii most, with
this chief difference, that the dorsal fin is less elevated, and the ventral fins
situated somewhat more anteriorly. The minor differences will suggest them-
selves upon the comparison of their respective diagnosis. We think that the
name of C. analostana may, with great propriety, be bestowed upon it.

VIII. Our friend, Townend Glover, has just brought us from Palatka, East
Florida, a Cyprinodont, of the genus Fundulus. The specimen is unique, and
belongs to the male sex. Compared to F. grandis, of which it has the length,
the body is more slender, and subfusiform in general appearance. The great-
est depth, taken at the origin of the ventral fins, is equal to the length of the
head, which enters four times and one third in the total length. The scales
which cover the upper surface of the head and the opercular apparatus, are of
moderate development. The head is subpyramidal, the snout tapering, and
the mouth rather small. The eye is subcircular, of medium size ; its diameter
entering about four times and a half in the length of the side of the head. The
dorsal fin is longer than high ; it is higher posteriorly than anteriorly, and its
origin is nearer the apex of the snout than the extremity of the caudal fin.
The latter is subtruncated or subconvex, and constitutes nearly the sixth of
the total length. The anal is deeper than its base is long, subtriangular to-
wards its extremity which projects further back than the dorsal. The ventrals
are broad and short, not extending quite to the vent, which is situated near
the anterior margin of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are likewise broad and
short, although much more developed than the ventrals ; their posterior ex-
tremity is nearly even with a vertical line drawn at the origin of the latter fins.
The rays stand as follows : D 17 ; A 134-1 ; C 5, 1, 8, 7, 1, 5 ; V 6 ; P 17.
The scales are much deeper than long, anteriorly truncated and rounded upon
the rest of the periphery. Radiating furrows are observed upon their anterior
section only. The ground color is yellowish brown, quite dark along the dor-
sal region, spotted with black ; whitish and unicolor beneath. The spots cor-
responding to the scales, upon the line of their intersection. The dorsal and
caudal fins are likewise spotted, and assume a reticulated appearance. The
anal and the ventrals being yellowish and unicolor, the edge of the anal alone
is blackish, whilst the pectorals are greyish olive.

1859.]

60 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

The throat and inferior surface of the head exhibit the same tint as the abdo-
men. The sides of the head are yellowish brown, whilst its upper surface is
rather dark and blackish. Finding no species on record with which the pre-
sent one can be identified, the name of Fundulus seminolis may not be deemed
inappropriate to designate it henceforward.

IX. The fish which we have formerly described (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Philada. vi. 1853, 389), under the name of Fundulus tenellus, from specimens
obtained at Prairie Mer Rouge, La., and Russellville, Ky., belongs to the genus
Zygonectes, proposed by Professor Agassiz (Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts,
second series, xvi. 1853, 135), so that its present systematic name will be Z.
tenellus. We should not be surprised at all to hear that the latter is identical
with either one or the other of the sundry species of that genus, which Professor
Agassiz has named without characterizing (Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts, sec-
ond series, xvii. 1S54, 353), except by alluding to their coloration. The cha-
racters of the genus itself, were never defined, so that ere long, we may expect
to encounter as much difficulty in identifying its species, as we meet with those
recorded in the " Ichthyologia Ohiensis."

X. The party under Lieut. J. C. Ives, has brought home a very remarkable
species of Hydrargyra, which was collected ' ' between Fort Defiance and Fort
Union, New Mexico." It is probable, therefore, that it was caught in one of
the upper affluents of the Rio Grande del Norte (Rio Bravo).

The average size of the specimens now before us is about three inches, in males
as well as in females. The sexual differences reside, as usual in this genus, in the
dorsal and anal fins, which are more developed in the male than in the female.
The body is elongated, compressed, and subfusiform in profile ; the back being
slightly arched. The head is subpyramidal, very much depressed above, en-
tering about four times and a half in the total length, and apparently some-
what smaller in proportion in the female than in the male. The eye is subel-
liptical ; its longitudinal diameter being contained four times, or a little more,
in the length of the side of the head. The dorsal fin is longer than higb ; its
base entering six times and a half in the total length ; its origin, in the male,
is nearly equidistant between the apex of the snout and the posterior margin
of the caudal, whilst in the female it takes place much more posteriorly. The
insertion of the anal fin is the same, with reference to the dorsal in either sex,
but, since the posterior portion of the dorsal, in the male, is more developed
than in the female, the consequence is that it is nearly even with the posterior
extremity of the anal, whilst in the female, the latter stretches considerably be-
yond the extremity of the dorsal. The anal fin itself is as long as deep in the
male, and deeper than long, in the female ; exteriorly rounded off in either
sex. Its anterior margin, in the female, is overlapped by the membranous
expansion of the genital foramen. The caudal fin is subtruncated. The ven-
trals are short and broad ; their extremities reaching the anterior margin*of the
anal in the male, which is not the case in the female. The pectorals are of
moderate development, subovate in their outline, approximating by their ex-
tremity the insertion of the ventrals in the male, remaining more apart in the
female. The numbers of the fins rays are ; D 13 ; A 14; C 6, 1, 7, 7, 1, 6 :
V 5 ; P 17. The scales are comparatively smaller than in H. similis, and differ
furthermore from those of the latter species in being much deeper than long.
They are subquadrangular in shape, and furrowed upon their anterior section
alone. The ground color of the upper region of the head and body is olivace-
ous-brown, with a blackish, small spot upon either scale, giving that region
quite a dark appearance : whilst a yellowish tint prevails along the sides and
beneath. Transverse, narrow black bars or bands, much more conspicuous in
the male than in the female, may be observed from the insertion of the pecto-
rals to the base of the caudal, about sixteen in number, and extending from
the dorsal line to the belly. The intervening spaces are somewhat wider than

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61

the bands themselves. The fins are greyish olive, unieolor ; the anal and the
ventrals, in the female, being oftentimes of a lighter tint.

In allusion to the numerous transverse lateral bars, we shall call this species
Hydrargyra zebra.

XL In 1853, (Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts, second series, xvi. 135), the
genus Heterandria was proposed to include two small species of fish inhabiting
the fresh water ditches of South Carolina. All that we were told about their
generical characters had reference to the anal fin, which in the male sex, is very-
slender and deep and inserted more anteriorly than in the female. That dif-
ference between the sexes suggested the appellation of Heterandria. Most
genera of the so called Cyprinodonts, however, exhibit similar sexual dif-
ferences in a greater or lesser degree.

In the same year, 1853, we described four species under the head of Heteran-
dria, three of which we have recently* referred to the genus Gambusia, and one
to the genus Girardinus, proposed by Prof. Poey, of Havana, to include sundry
Cuban species. The genus Limia, of the same author, would likewise fall
under the head of Heterandria, as indicated. The genera just alluded to of the
Cuban naturalist, not only cover the same ground as Heterandria, but have
priority over the latter.

The following characters may be assigned to the genus Gambusia. Mouth
protractile, rather cleft and nearly horizontal, the lower jaw projecting some-
what beyond the upper. An external series of rather conical, curved and
conspicuous teeth, behind which may be observed a patch of velvet like teeth.
The origin of the anal fin is situated in advance of the anterior margin of the
dorsal, deeper and differently constructed in the male than in the female.
The branchiostegal rays numbering six on either side ; the branchial orifices
being continuous under the throat. Prof. Poey states that the intestine is
short, and the liver large, t

Amongst the fishes recently collected by Mr. T. Glover, at Palatka, East
Florida, we find specimens of a species of Gambusia, which upon comparison
with the specimens of Heterandria kolbrookii, Ag. (MS.) collected by ourselves
in Charleston, S. C, prove to be identical with the latter.

The largest female specimen which has come under our observation, mea-
sures two inches in total length, in which the head enters four times and a
half, and the caudal fin six and a half times. The head itself is very much
depressed and sloping towards the snout, giving the latter a wedge-shaped ap-
pearance, a trait not altogether peculiar to the species of this genus, for we
observe it in Pacilia, Limia, Girardinus, and to a certain degree in Fundulus
and Hydrargyra. The eye is very large, subcircular ; its diameter entering but
three times and a half in the length of the side of the head. The body is sub-
fusiform in profile when not otherwise distorted by the presence of ova or
embryos in the abdomen. The origin of the dorsal fin is much nearer the
extremity of the caudal than the tip of the snout ; the fin itself being
higher than long. The anal fin is larger than the dorsal, deeper than long,
exteriorly subtruncated, its anterior margin being nearly equidistant between
the tip of the snout and the extremity of the caudal fin. The ventrals are
small, short and broad when expanded ; their tips extending as far as the
vent when the belly is not otherwise distended. The pectoral fins are rather
large, projecting beyond the insertion of the ventrals when in their natural
condition. The formula of the fins is as follows : D8; A 9 ; C 4, 1, 6 6 1
5 ; V 6 ; PI, 10.

The largest male specimen which we have examined, measures about an
inch and a quarter. The body is quite slender, and fusiform in profile, the
head holding the same proportions towards the total length as in the female

* U. S. and Mex. Boundary Report, vol ii. Ichthyology, pp. 71 and 73.
f Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la isla de Cuba, i. 1851, 390.

1859.] 5

62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

sex. The origin of the dorsal fin is nearly equidistant between either extremi-
ties, whilst that of the anal is equidistant between the apes of the snout and
the insertion of the caudal fin. The ventrals hold the same position towards
the anal as in the female sex. The pectorals are proportionately longer.
The fins exhibit the same number of rays as in the female ; the anal differs in
its structure, inasmuch as the second and third rays are much stouter and
more elongated than the rest.

The scales are well developed, deeper than long, posteriorly rounded off, an-
teriorly truncated, with radiating furrows upon the latter section alone. The
color is uniform olivaceous brown, lighter beneath than above ; the dorsal
and caudal fins exhibiting transverse blackish lines.

Gambusia holbrooki is very abundant in ponds and ditches of fresh water of
South Carolina, and as already stated, was also collected in Florida. Speci-
mens from the latter locality are somewhat larger than those from South
Carolina.

XII. The smallest fish so far known to inhabit fresh waters is Eeterandria
formosa, Ag. (MS.), which is found associated with the preceding species, in
South Carolina, where we have observed it ourselves, as well as in Florida,
whence Mr. Glover has brought specimens. When full grown the female
measures about an inch in total length, and the male six-eighths of an inch ;
the specimens from Florida being somewhat larger than those from South
Carolina.

The body is compressed and fusiform in profile ; the head constituting a
little less than the fourth of the entire length. The snout is very short and
rounded off, the mouth quite protractile, with the lower jaw slightly project-
ing beyond the upper one. The eyes are very large and subcircular ; their
horizontal diameter entering about twice and a halt time or at most thrice in
the length of the side of the head. The dorsal fin is higher than long ; its an-
terior margin being nearly equidistant between the apex of the snout and the
extremity of the caudal fin. The anal is deeper than long, and somewhat
smaller than the dorsal. The ventrals are very small, short and broad, ex-
tending as far as the vent. The pectorals are elongated and project beyond
the origin of the ventrals. The fins in the male sex resemble those of the
female just alluded to, except the anal which is inserted more anteriorly, its
second and third rays being much more developed than the rest, thus giving
that an appendage-like appearance- The scales are comparatively very
large ; seven longitudinal series only being observed across the flanks of the
female sex. They are deeper than long, and furrowed upon their anterior sec-
tion alone. The ground color is olivaceous, or else yellowish brown above ;
the belly being of a light lemon tint. A black streak extends from the snout
along the middle of the flanks to the insertion of the caudal fin. From six to
eight brownish black vertical streaks may be observed along the sides inter-
secting the lateral streak, thus subdividing the surface of the body into quad-
rangular areas. A jet black spot exists at the base of the caudal fin, also at
the anterior margin of the dorsal and anal, except in the male sex in which the
latter fin is of a uniform yellowish tint. The caudal, ventrals and pectorals
are olivaceous and unicolor in either sex.

The species thus briefly described, belongs to the genus Girardinus of Prof.
Poey. It is characterized by a protractile, rounded, and scarcely cleft month,
the lower jaw projecting somewhat beyond the upper one. There is but one
series of teeth which are approximated, moveable, slender at their base and
extremely acute. The anterior margin of the anal is situated somewhat in
advance of the dorsal, and varying in structure according to the sexes. The
caudal is rounded as usual. The branchiostegal rays are five on either side,
and the branchial orifices continuous under the throat. The intestine is slen-
der, elongated, convoluted, and the liver small.*

* Memorias sobre la Historia Natural de la isla de Cuba, i. 1851, 390.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCESOF PHILADELPHIA. 63

Girardinus formosus, is quite as common in ponds and ditches, as the species
treated of in the preceding paragraph, especially about the rice fields and
inlets of rivers and brooks. Their great abundance has brought them to the
notice of every planter at the South, where these fishes are met with.

XIII. A "blind fish, taken from a well near Bowling Green, Ky.," was
recently sent to the Smithsonian Institution by J. E. Younglove, Esq.

In its general appearance and chief structural traits it resembles that which
occurs in Mammoth cave, with this curious difference, that the ventral fins are
wanting : we will call it Typhlichthys subterraneus.

Some years ago a fish ( Chologaster cornutus) was found in the ditches of the
rice fields of South Carolina, in all appearances akin to Amb ly op sis spelceus, hav-
ing the same advanced position of the vent, the body being covered with simi-
lar scales, but the ventral fins are wanting and the eyes fully developed.*

We have not yet been informed of the nature of the dentition of Chologaster
cornutus. That of Typhlichthys subterraneus is similar to the dentition of Ambly-
opsis spelceus, and consisting of narrow patches of acute and very minute teeth
upon the premasillar bones, the palatines and the lower jaw.

These three genera have for common traits of structure : a body covered by
cycloid scales, a dorsal and an anal fin opposed to one another, a rounded off,
or sublanceolated caudal fin, the position of the vent anterior to the base of
the pectoral fins. The shape of the mouth and the dentition are in all proba-
bilities alike. The generical characters consist : in Amblyopsis, the want of
eyes and the presence of ventral fins ; in Typhlichthys, the want of eyes and
ventral fins, both, and in Chologaster, the presence' of eyes and the want of ven-
tral fins.

The propriety of establishing three genera upon characters apparently tran-
sitory may be questioned by those who believe in the doctrine of transforma-
tions. Were Chologaster provided with ventral fins, and to differ from Amblyop-
sis by the presence of well developed eyes alone, the plausibility of a trans-
formation of that organ according to circumstances might seduce many. But
then again comes Typhlichthys, which holds an intermediate position, perfectly
eyeless and deprived also of ventral fins.

The largest specimens which we have seen of Typhlichthys subterraneus
measure a little over one and a half inch. The head which enters about three
times and a half in that length, is depressed, and broader than deep. The
mouth is proportionally large and transverse, the lower jaw being somewhat
longer than the upper. Minute and acerated teeth may be observed upon the
lower jaw, the premaxillar bones, and on the palatines also, disposed upon
narrow patches. The eyes exhibit no visible traces of their presence, the orbit
being filled up by a muscular tissue. The branchial apertures are separated
under the throat by a narrow isthmus, the branchiostegal rays being six in
number on either side. The body anterior to the dorsal and anal fins is sub-
cylindrical, whilst it is compressed and tapering posteriorly ; its entire profile
being subfusiform. The vent is situated in advance of the pectoral fins and
close to the branchial isthmus. The height of the dorsal fin is greater than
its base ; its anterior margin is nearer the extremity of the caudal fin than the
apex of the snout. The caudal is rounded oft' posteriorly or sublanceolated,
the central rays being the longest. The anal fin is inserted nea.rly opposite the
dorsal, or else somewhat more posteriorly ; it is likewise deeper than long.
The centrals, as alluded to above, are entirely wanting. The pectorals are
slender and elongated ; their middle rays being the most developed. The
number of the rays in the various fins is as follows : D 7 ; A 8 ; C 4, 1, 6, 6,
1, 5 ; V ; P 11 ; a formula very similar to that of Amblyopsis spelceus. The
scales are very small, subimbricated, firmly adhering to the skin without
being imbedded in it as in the species just alluded to. They are rather

* Amer. Jour, of Sc. and Arts, Second Series, xvi, 1853, 135.
1859.]

64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

deeper than long, rounded off, broader anteriorly than posteriorly, exhibiting
distant concentric lines of growth and very wide radiating furrows which
affect the anterior portion of the scale only. The head is scaleless, but its
upper surface as well as its sides, exhibit transverse cutaneous, finely granu-
lar ridges. A few of the latter may be observed along the flanks, over the
scales, although much less conspicuous than on the head. The color is a
uniform dull yellowish white tint.

XIV. The "sun fish," which we have formerly described under the name
of Promotis obesus, * belongs now to the genus Bryttus, as characterized in our
Report upon the Fishes of the U. S. P. R. R. Explorations and Surveys. Its sys-
tematic name, therefore, will be henceforwards Bryttus obesus.

XV. While assorting some of the fishes which the Smithsonian Institution
had been receiving during the past years, a specimen of the genus Megalops
was found in one of the kegs sent from the Tortugas, Garden Key, Fla., by
Lieut. H. G. Wright. It belongs to the same species as that which we have
formerly described under the name of M. elongatus.

It is three feet and three inches long, regularly subfusiform in its profile
the head constituting the fifth of the total length. The greatest depth, which
is seven inches, corresponds to the anterior portion of the body, nearly mid-
way between the pectoral and the ventral fins. The posterior extremity of
the maxillar bone extends considerably beyond a vertical line which would
intercept the hind rim of the orbit. The eyes are subcircular, their diameter
entering five times in the length of the side of the head.

The anterior or external ray of all the fins is very stout, considerably stouter
than the other rays, and usually the longest also. By anterior or external
ray is understood that which begins the series of developed rays, and not the
rudiments of rays that occur at the anterior or external margin of the fins.
The pectoral fins are lanceolated, but their extremity does not extend as far as
the origin of the ventrals. The latter are inserted altogether in advance of
the dorsal, so that when expanded, their posterior edge, which is linear, will
meet a vertical line dropped from the origin of the dorsal. The caudal is
deeply furcated and somewhat shorter than the head. The anal is longer than
deep, exteriorly concave or crescentic, the posterior rays extending further
back than the posterior, very elongated ray, of the dorsal fin. The latter is
much higher than long, somewhat concave upon its upper margin. There
are ten longitudinal series of scales between the dorsal and the ventral fins.
The total number of scales upon a girdle encircling the body in advance of the
insertion of the ventrals being also its greatest depth is twenty two, ten on
either side, and two odd series, a dorsal and an abdominal series. Small scales
may be observed upon the anal and caudal fins to near the extremities of their
rays. The numbers of the rays in the various fins correspond to those already
given ; we need but to state that those of the caudal may thus be expressed :
C 4, 1, 9, 9, 1, 3, giving twenty developed rays and nine, perhaps more, rudi-
mentary ones.

XVI- The brooks and streams which mingle their waters with that
of the Potomac river have furnished us with a representative of the Ethe-
ostomid family, of an apparently new generic type, the characters of which
may be thus expressed : body subfusiform ; head subconical ; snout rather
blunt, the upper jaw protruding beyond the lower one, thus giving the mouth
an inferior position. The latter is of moderate size, its gape nearly horizontal,
surrounded with conspicuous lips. Opercular apparatus scaly, cheeks and
throat bare. Dorsal fins distinct ; first dorsal lower than the second, and longer
than high. Anal smaller than the second dorsal. Caudal fin posteriorly trun-
cated or subtruncated. The genus we will call Arlina.

* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. v. 1844, 40.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 65

The largest specimens which we have, so far observed, measure about two
inches in total length, the body tapering gradually away towards the insertion
of the caudal fin. The head, which constitutes the fifth of the entire length,
is subcorneal in general appearance, the snout being declivous and blunt and
overhangs the lower jaw. The anterior nostril is nearer the eye than the
margin of the upper jaw. The eye, itself, is large and subcircular, approxi-
mating the upper surface of the head ; its diameter enters nearly four times
in the length of the side of the head, twice behind its posterior rim and once
in advance of its anterior rim. The posterior extremity of the maxillar bone
corresponds to a vertical line drawn at the anterior rim of the orbit. The first
dorsal is convex in its outline, it is separated from the second by an appreci-
ciable space. The second dorsal, which is higher than the first, is longer than
high, its upper margin being subconvex anteriorly and nearly straight poste-
riorly. The caudal fin constitutes about the fifth of the total length. The
anal is longer than deep and nearly of equal depth throughout ; the vent,
which is placed close to its anterior margin, is opposite the origin of the second
dorsal. The insertion of the ventrals takes place in advance of the anterior
margin of the first dorsal ; they are slender and elongated, but their extremi-
ties are far from reaching the vent. The ventrals are well developed, posteri-
orly rounded, and project somewhat beyong the ventrals, being even with a
vertical line drawn at the terminus of the first dorsal fin. The formula of the
rays is as follows : D ix ; 14 ; A 10 ; C 4, 1, 7, 6, 1, 5 ; V i 5 ; P 13. The
ground color is yellowish with a triple series of blackish blotches, one along
the back, and one on either side immediately beneath the lateral line, which
runs along the sixth series of scales, counted from above. During life,
the intervening space between the lateral blotches is of a metallic green as
well as the cheeks. A black spot may also be observed upon the opercular
apparatus. A vertical black streak beneath the eye, and one on either side of
the snout. The dorsals, the caudal and pectorals are transversely barred with
black ; the anal and pectorals being unicolor.

We propose calling this little fish Arlina effulgens in allusion to its bright
color during life.

XVII. The Potomac river, in the neighborhood of Washington, has furnished
us with another representative of the Etheostomid family, of which constitutes
likewise a new generic type, related to Hadropterus and Hyostoma. It differs
from Hadropterus by the anal fin, which is smaller than the second dorsal, and
from Hyostoma by the contiguity of the dorsal fins. It is also allied to Boleo-
soma, from which it may be distinguished by a scaly throat and a truncated
caudal. The natural characters of this genus, to which we give the name of
Estrella, may be thus resumed. Body subfusiform and compressed. Head
subcorneal, well developed, rather blunt. Mouth of moderate size, somewhat
protractile, with its gape horizontal ; lower jaw shorter than the upper. Oper-
cular apparatus, cheeks and throat scaly. First dorsal fin nearly as high as
the second and contiguous to it. Anal smaller than the second dorsal. Cau-
dal fin truncated.

The species is not uncommon, the largest specimens which we have ob-
served, measure about three inches and a quarter. The head forms a fifth of
the total length. The nape and occipital region constitutes an inclined plane
trom the orbits to the origin of the first dorsal fin. The eyes are very large,
fubelliptical in shape ; their horizontal diameter entering about three times in
she length of the sides of the head ; less than once in advance to the anterior
rim of the orbit. The posterior extremity of the maxillar bone extending as
far as a vertical line drawn in advance of the pupil.

The first dorsal fin is much longer than high, superiorly convex, its mem-
brane being contiguous to the second dorsal. The latter is likewise longer
than high, but it is higher anteriorly than posteriorly, thus the upper margin
of that fin, which is subconvex or nearly linear, is nevertheless declivous

1359.]

66 PROCEEDINGS OE THE ACADEMY OF

backwards. The anal fin is longer than deep, convex upon its edge ; its an-
terior margin being placed somewhat behind a vertical line drawn at the an-
terior margin of the second dorsal, but the same line intersects the vent. The
caudal fin, which is a little shorter than the head, is truncated upon its pos-
terior margin. The ventrals are of moderate development compared to the
other fin, their middle rays being the longest ; these fins assume a spear-
shaped appearance in the state of rest. Their extremities are far from reach-
ing the vent. The pectorals, much larger than the ventrals, assume the same
shape as the ventrals, under similar circumstances, but when expanded, their
posterior margin is quite convex. Their extremities project beyond those of
the ventrals, although they do not reach a vertical line intersecting the vent.
The rays of the fins are : B ix ; 15+1 ; A 11 ; C 10, 1, 7, 7, 1, 9 ; V 1, 5 ; P
13. The scales are of moderate size, deeper than long, anteriorly truncated
and posteriorly rounded, exhibiting radiating furrows upon their anterior sec-
tion, and numerous, slender, needle-like pectinations upon their posterior
margin. The lateral line constitutes the seventh series of scales, counted from
the second dorsal fin.

The ground color is yellowish brown, the dorsal region being maculated with
blackish brown, whilst the ventral region is unicolor. A series of large
blotches may be observed along the dorsal line affecting both sides of the back,
and a series of smaller blotches along the lateral line. There is also a black
streak on either side of the snout, and a vertical one beneath the eye. The
caudal and pectorals are transversally barred with black, the dorsals irregu-
larly vermiculated, giving these fins a checkered appearance. The first dorsal
is moreover provided with a jet black spot upon its anterior edge, between the
first and second rays. The anal and ventrals are blackish, the tint being
lighter at the base of these fins than towards their periphery.

The black spot at the anterior margin of the first dorsal fin, has suggested
the specific name of E. atromaculata, by which we propose to designate this
fish.

XVIII. A third, and much larger species of Etheostomid occurs in the waters
of the Potomac river. It is identical with the one from the Susquehanna river,
described by Prof. Haldeman under the name of Percina nebulosa. *

XIX. Etheostoma caprodes of Rafinesque, is very closely allied to Percina
vebulosa, so closely, indeed, that we are not yet prepared to point out the dif-
ferences with a sufficient degree of accuracy. But whatever it may be Etheos-
toma caprodes must be referred to the genus Percina of Haldeman, as having
priority over that of Pileoma of BeKay. Both of these genera were published
in 1842, but since Percina is quoted by BeKay, | it evidently shows that it was
issued from the press before Pileoma. That the genus Percina, as first con-
stituted, contained heterogeneous species, is no ground for rejecting it alto-
gether, and the species first enumerated must be considered as its type.

XX. Hence, should Pileoma semifasciatam prove specifically distinct from
Percina nebvlosa, it will be the third species of the genus Percina under the
name of Percina semifasciata.

XXI. The Etheostomid from Lake Superior, described as Pileoma zebra, is to
be a fourth species of Percina under the appellation of Percina zebra.

XXII. Finally a fifth species of the genus Percina was described by us in the
" Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey," under the name

* Journ. of the Acad, of Nat. Sci. Philada. viii. 1842, 330.
fNew York Fauna, Part iv. 1842, 162.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67

of Pileoma carbonaria which is to be designated henceforwards under that of
Percina carbonaria.

XXIII. We propose now to characterize a new genus of Etheostomid under
the name of Oligocephalus, as follows : Head small and subconical ; mouth
terminal, of moderate size, not protractile ; jaw equal and provided with slen-
der, acerated and conspicuous teeth, disposed upon multiple series, the exter-
nal series much largerthan the inner series. Opercular apparatus, cheeks and
throat scaleless. First dorsal fin lower than the second, longer or nearly of the
same length, and contiguous. Anal much smaller than the second dorsal, and
provided anteriorly with two small spiny rays. The external ray of the ven-
tral fins is likewise a small spine. Caudal, posteriorly rounded off or else
convex. To this genus we now refer PacUichthys lepidus figured in the Report
of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary Commission. The first dorsal is represented
as being widely separated from the second, whilst in fact, its membrane
reaches the anterior margin of the latter fin. We shall therefore record it in
future under the name of Oligocephalus lepidus.

XXIV. A species allied to the preceding one, inhabits the hydrographic
basin of James river, Va. It reaches nearly the same size, that is about two
inches long. Its boly is quite compressed, subfusiform in profile, maintain-
ing its depth towards the insertion of the caudal fin. The head enters nearly
four times and a half in the total length. The gape of the mouth is slightly
oblique ; the posterior extremity of the maxillar bone corresponding to a ver-
tical line drawn in advance of the pupil. The diameter of the eye enters
about four times in the length of the side of the head. The base of the second
dorsal fin is nearly equal to that of the first. The base of the anal fin is
nearly equal to its deepest rays. The ventrals are lanceolate in shape ;
whilst the pectorals are subelliptical in their outline, their extremities project-
ing beyond those of the ventrals. The formula of the fins is as follow : D vn ;
13 ; A ii, 7; C 6, 1, 6, 7, 1, 5 ; V i, 5 ; P 13. The scales are rather _ small,
somewhat deeper than long, finely pectinated posteriorly, with radiating fur-
row at the anterior section only. The lateral line constitutes the eighth series
of scales, counted from the second dorsal fin. The ground color is reddish
brown, transversely maculated with blackish spots. The second dorsal fin and
the caudal are transversely barred with black upon a light olivaceous ground.
The first dorsal, the anal, the ventrals, and the pectorals are of a uniform
light olive tint. A jet black spot may be observed immediately above the
insertion of the pectorals close to the thoracic arch, and has suggested the
name of Oligocephalus humeralis, by which we propose to designate this species.

XXV. The species fromWalcott, Wayne Co..N. Y. described by my friend,
Dr. H. R. Storer, under the name of Etheostoma linsleyi* belongs to the genus
Oligocephalus, as characterized above. I have in my possession authentic spe-
cimens of the same. It is a much slenderer fish than the two foregoing species,
anil like 0. humeralis, is provided with a black spot above the pectoral fins,
close to the thoracic belt. A careful description of it having been given by its
author, we need simply refer to it for the present. We have recorded it under
the appellation of Oligocephalus linslii, in the monograph we prepare upon that
family of our fresh water fishes.

XXVI. Amongst the fishes collected by Major B. Alvord, at Fort Gratiot,
Lake Huron, there is a species of Etheostomid, the generic characters of which
remind us somewhat of those given to the genus Hadropterus. The opercle and
cheeks, however, are scaleless, as well as the throat, which is minutely prickly.
The first dorsal fin is longer and lower than the second, which is equal to the

* Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv. 1851, 37.
1859.]

68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

anal. The caudal is emarginated posteriorly. The species itself being yet un-
described, we shall call it Alvordius ?naculatus. The specimens before us mea-
sure two inches and three quarters. The body is elongated, rather slender and
subfusiform. The head is subcorneal, entering about four times and a half in
the total length. The eye is well developed ; its diameter being contained
four times in the length of the side of the head ; once in advance of its anterior
rim. The posterior extremity of the maxillar bone extends to a vertical line
drawn within the anterior rim of the orbit, not quite in front of the pupil. The
lower jaw is somewhat shorter than the upper. The first dorsal fin is much
longer and lower than the second, to which it is nearly contiguous. Its upper
margin is convex. The second dorsal is longer than high, diminishing gradu-
ally backwards. The caudal, which forms about the sixth of the total length,
is somewhat emarginated posteriorly. The anal is placed opposite the second
dorsal, and nearly equal to it in size and shape. The ventrals are sublanceo-
lated and rather short ; their posterior extremities being even with those of
the pectorals, which are subelliptical in their outline. The formula of the fins,
reads . D xiv ; 13 ; A i, 10 ; C 5, 1, 7, 6, 1, 8 ; V i, 5 ; P 14. The scales are
rather small, deeper than long, anteriorly subtruncated, posteriorly rounded,
with radiating furrows upon the anterior section only, and fine pectination upon
the posterior margin. A series of larger scales conspicuously toothed pos-
teriorly, may be observed along the ventral line between the vent and the
extremities of the ventrals. The ground color is reddish brown, the dorsal
region being tessellated with blackish spots, whilst a series of black patches
may be observed on either side, larger and less numerous in the male than
in the female. A black streak intersects vertically the eye. The fins in
the male are unicolor, except the first dorsal, which is black, spotted at the
base. In the female sex, the caudal exhibits transverse blackish lines. The
inferior regions are unicolor in either sex.

XXVII. In 1S52, E. O. Dayton, Esq., sent to the Smithsonian Institution,
amongst other fishes, a species of Etheostomid, which we referred at that time
to an undescribed genus. Subsequently, the genus Catonotus was published,
answering to it. The species being still unknown, we propose to call it C.
fasciatus. The specimens are a little short of three inches, the head entering
about four times and a half in the total length. The gape of the mouth is
oblique, the posterior extremity of the maxillar bone reaching a vertical line
drawn immediately in front of the pupil. The diameter of the eye enters five
times in the length of the side of the head. The first dorsal is very low and
equal in length to the second, which is superiorly convex, and as high posteri-
orly as anteriorly, the tip of the posterior rays extending almost to the in-
sertion of the caudal. The anal fin is much smaller than the second dorsal,
and longer than deep. The caudal is rounded off. The ventrals are rather
small and subovate, whilst the pectorals are subelliptical, and extend further
back than the ventrals, either of which being very far from attaining the vent.
The formula of the fins is : D vm ; 15 ; A n, 8 ; C 4, 1, 7, 6, 1, 4 ; V 1, 5 ;
P 13. The scales are small, subcircular, rather deeper than long, minutely
and inconspicuously pectinated upon their posterior margin, with radiating
furrows upon their anterior section alone. The lateral, which is nearer the
back than the belly becomes obsolete from the origin of the second dorsal back-
wards. The ground color is chestnut brown, with irregular blackish fascia?
across the dorsal region and upper portion of the flanks ; the inferior regions are
of a lighter tint than the back, and unicolor. The second dorsal and the caudal
are transversally barred with black upon a yellowish ground. The other fins
are uniform whitish yellow, except the first dorsal which is greyish. A vertical
black streak may be seen beneath the orbit.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 69

Catalogue of the Coleoptera of Fort Tejon, California.
BY JOHN L. LECONTE, M. D.

The present paper contains a list of the species of Coleoptera collected at Fort
Tejon, during 1857 and 1858, by the indefatigable naturalist, Mr. John Xantus,
(de Vesey), which were found to be remarkable in many respects. The number
of species obtained (147) is very small for the time during which they were
collected, and the proportion of new species (52) is very large. These facts are
in accordance with the general principles of the geographical distribution of or-
ganized beings in Pacific North America, stated by me at the meeting of the Ame-
rican Association for the Advancement of Science, held at Albany in 1851 . Several
genera not previously known to science are herein described, one of which,
Aplastus, completes beautifully the series between normal Elateridse and Cebrio,
previously indicated by Plastocerus and Euthysanius. A large and singular
species of Hetaerius was also found. Important is the fact that the species
formerly referred by me to Malachius, are to be separated therefrom, as it
diminishes the small number of exceptions to the principle announced by me,
that no genus was common to Europe and Pacific America, without being re-
presented in Atlantic America.

I have not included some Staphylinidse in the collection, which, with the
exception of a small Isomalus, were previously found by me in other parts of
California, hoping at a future time to bring them with a vast number of other new
species of that family into a monograph. Two species of Curculionidffiare also
omitted, for the reason that it will involve more labor to determine the genera to
which they belong, than I can properly devote to the subject at present.

1. Onius calif ornicus. A male of this species from Fort Tejon differs
from those found at San Francisco, by the thorax being much rounded on the
sides, especially before the middle. Judging from analogy of distribution of
other insects in California, this would indicate a difference of a specific nature.
Should the occurrence of other similar specimens warrant this conclusion, the
name 0. X a n t i would be appropriate.

2. Cyclmxs punctatus, ater capite thoraceque opacis alutaceis, hoc
latitudine haud breviore, postice angustato lateribus marginatis, rotundatis
postice sinuatis, ante basin transversim profunde impresso, elytris striis grosse
punctatis, ventricosis, convexis, postice acutis. Long. *60 *68.

Abundant at Fort Tejon. Allied to C. ventricosus and others, but differs by
the thorax being more gradually narrowed behind, and not suddenly constrict-
ed; as also by the sculpture.

3. Cychrus striatus, ater, capite thoraceque subopacis, alutaceis, hoc
latitudine longiore, postice angustato, lateribus marginatis, rotundatis postice
sinuatis, ante basin transversim profunde impresso, elytris ovalibus convexis,
postice acutis, striis profunde punctatis. Long. 62.

One male, Fort Tejon. Related to the preceding ; but the thorax is longer,
more sinuate on the sides behind, so that they become parallel, but still with-
out being constricted. The elytra are narrower and less ventricose, the strise
are deeper and the punctures smaller.

4. Calathus ruf ic olli s .

5. Platynus cine tell us. 6. P. c ali f o r nic us . 7. P. f os s ig e r .
8. Pterostichus contractus. 9. P. californicus {simplex Lee.)
10. P. vicinus {californicus Lee.) 11. P. lustrans.

12. Anisodactylus (Dichirus) p i c e u s (parallelus Lee.) 13. A. brevicol-
lis. 14. A. simil i s.
15 . Bradycellus n i t i d u s .

1(1. Chloenius variabilipes (asperulus Men. ; obscurus Lee.)
17. Hydrophilus t ri an gularis . 18. H. californicus.

19. Necrophorus nigrita.

20. Silpha lapponica.

21. Cercus sericans, oblongus modice convexus, fuscus, punctatus, pube

1859.]

70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

brevi oinerea sericans, capite thoraceque saepe rufo-testaceis, lioc latitudine
plus sesqui breviore, lateribus rotundatis marginatis, antennis pedibusque
testaceis, illis articulo 9no praecedente vix majore. Long. "07 *09.

Fort Tejon. Varies much in size and color, being sometimes fuscous, some-
times entirely pale testaceous : the usual variety has dark elytra and pale head
and thorax. It differs from the types of the genus in having the antennae
very slightly thickened from the 3rd to the 9th joint, the 10th and 11th are
thicker and longer than the 9th; the latter in the male is about twice the size
of the 8th, in the female but little larger. The effect of this is to cause the
antennie to be only moderately clavate, instead of capitulate. This taken in
connection with the more dense pubescence and punctuation, and less convex
body would seem to indicate the propriety of separating this as a distinct
genus, but before a general study is made of our species of the family of
Nitidulidse the attempt to define it would be premature. As in other species
of the genus, the antennal grooves are entirely wanting.

22. Carpophilus pallipennis (Jioralis Er.). Found also in the Rio
Grande valley.

23. Carpophilus caudalis, elongatus, depressus, piceus nitidus, subtiliter
pubescens, thorace brevi, lateribus rotundatis marginatis, sat dense punctato,
elytris thorace duplo longioribus, fortius marginatis, punctulatis, macula
magna rubro-testacea triangulari utrinque ornatis, pedibus antennisque rufis,
his clava infuscata ; abdomine segmentis tribns detectis, quarto sequente paulo
longiore. Long. *15.

Two females ; one from Tejon, the other from Nebraska. Precisely resem-
bles in color and sculpture C. discoideus Lee, (Proc. Acad. 185S, 62),
but differs by the abdomen being much longer, and having three segments ex-
posed. The latter was, however, described from a single male, and future ex-
amination may show that they are sexes of one species.

24. Nitidula humeralis, longiuscula, subconvexa, fusca, pubescens,
thorace latitudine duplo breviore, lateribus late rotundatis, ciliatis, elytris
nigricantibus, margine apicali et laterali angusto, strigisque tribus basalibus
pallidis, intermedia longiore, antennis basi pedibusque pallidioribus.
Long. "1G.

One specimen, Tejon. Related to N. zi c z ac , but is longer and more con-
vex with the sides of the thorax less rounded, and with no medial angulated
spot on the elytra : the three spots at the base are connected, and there is be-
sides a slight submarginal spot near the middle. As in that species the
middle and posterior tarsi are very feebly dilated.

25. Temnochila chlorodia. .

26. Hister sexstriatus Lee. Found also at San Francisco.

27. Hister remotus, oblongus niger nitidus, parum convexus, thorace
stria marginali a margine remota, subsinuata, disco intra striarn punctis paucis
notato, elytris striis internis duabus pone medium antice abbreviata, tertia
parum abbreviatis, tribus externis marginalique integris, epipleuris bistriatis,
tibiis anticis serrulatis. Long. *23.

One specimen, Tejon. Belongs to div. 9 of my arrangement, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sc. 6, 38, although very distinct from all the others found in the United
States. It seems most nearly related to the European H. negleotus, and
with it belongs to Mr. de Marseul's 6th group.

28. Hetaerius morsus, piceo-rufus oblongus, thorace punctato subnitido,
sulco obliquo utrinque insculpto, partibus lateralibus incrassatis valde elevatis
planis, opacis dense puberulis, lateribus ante medium angulatis, ante basin
profunde incisis ; elytris pube erecta parce vestitis, punctatis subnitidis, striis
externis tribus integris ; prosterno compresso, postice paulo dilatato, mesos-
terno piano. Long. '14.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71

One specimen, Tejon. In this the most remarkable, as well as the largest
species of the genus, the front is slightly concave, with a raised margin, and
the tibia? are suddenly dilated and denticulate as in the others. The sides
of the thorax are parallel from the base nearly to the apex, where they are
suddenly obtusely angulated, and run to the anterior angles which are round
ed : the incision near the base cuts across the incrassated side, leaving the
posterior part a small quadrate elevated plate, the anterior portion larger, sub-
triangular with truncate angles, flat, opaque and densely pubescent.

29. Saprinus lug ens. 30. S. o regon ensis . 31. S. lubrieus.

32. Brontes truncatus.

33. Dermestes marmoratus. 34. D. Mannerhe i mi i .

35. Attagenus rufipennis, elongatus, niger, pubescens, thorace latitii-
dine duplobreviore, paulo convexo, confertim minus subtiliter punctato, elytris
parcius punctatis, rufo-testaceis, tarsis rufo-piceis. Long. -12.

One female, Tejon. A small species, differing from the others in my collec-
tion by the more coarse and dense punctuation of the thorax : the head is
punctured like the thorax and the antennae are entirely black.

36. Anthrenus 1 e p i d u s .

37. Serica fimbriata.

38. Hoplia callipyge. This may be a favorable opportunity to observe
that recent observation has shown that H. tristis Mels. is the male of H.
trifasciata Say (primoria Burin.), a fact that could never have been infer-
red from the appearance of the two supposed species.

39. Pleocoma fimbriata. Some fragments of this insect, found in the
stomach of a woodpecker at Tejon, enable me to investigate the oral organs.

The clypeus at its inferior margin is emarginate for the insertion of a
pyramidal hairy corneous labrum : the mandibles are short, pyramidal acute,
with a few hairs near the apex. The maxillae are large at the base, with the
lobes very small, the outer one not reaching beyond the first joint of the palpi,
penicillate with long hair, the inner one much smaller, narrow and pointed ;
palpi slender, first joint short, 2d long, 3d one-half shorter than 2d, 4th a
little longer than 3d. Mentum broadly rounded in front ; ligula almost semi-
circular, palpi inserted on the upper face of the ligula, bases contiguous, with
intermediate pencil of hairs, 3d joint longer than 2d, and the latter longer than
the first. It will thus be seen that combined with the 11-jointed antenna?
with polyphyllous club, the characters above detailed are abundantly sufficient
to establish this genus as a new group, related to Geotrupida? and Copridse,
wrth, however, strong tendency towards the Dynastide group of Scarab.
pleurostioti.

40. Canthon simplex.

41. Anthaxia strigata, lata depressa, nigro-amea, ssepe cyaneo-variegata,
thorace latitudine fere duplo breviore, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis
subrectis, fortius reticulatim punctato, utrinque pone medium oblique im-
press, elytris thorace hand latioribus, confertim fortius granulatis, fortius
marginatis, parallelis, postice suboblique attenuatis et rotundatis. Long.
17 -25.

Tejon, abundant. Front moderately concave, hairy : the sides of the thorax
are less rounded than in A. expansa, the punctures are strongly marked,
and there are besides fine elevated lines, having a general longitudinal direc-
tion, connected together forming elongate meshes. In some specimens the disc
of the thorax is darker than the sides. It is, perhaps, A. ten e ogas t e r Lap.
and Gory ; the description given by them contains no definite character by
which to separate it from allied species.

42. Acnueodera c o n n e x a nigro-senea, cuneiformis pilis longis erectis parce
1859.]

72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

vestita, thorace latitudine triplo breviore rude punctato, lateribus rotundatis,
postice incurvis, medio late excavato, postice utrinque late impresso, elytris
thorace angustioribus humeris elevatis; usque ad trientem secundum paulo, dein
magis anguatatis et fortiter serratis, striis punctis quadratis fortiter impressis,
interstitiis parce subtiliter punctatis, maculis fiavis pluribus ante medium
varieconjunctis, alterisque duabus fasciformibus pone medium fere ad suturam
extensis, apice saepe gutta flava notato. Long. *33 -47.

Tej on, numerous. Allied to A. o mat a, but is narrower, and has the
punctures of the intervals of the elytra much smaller. The spots are also
different, the anterior ones forming a reticulated mass, more or less broken,
extending from the base to beyond the middle, and from the margin two-
thirds way to the suture. It is also allied to A. o p a c u 1 a Zee, but the sides
of the thorax are not yellow, the elytra are less gradually attenuated at tip,
and the spots are different.

43. Acmreodera r e t i f e r , nigro-aenea, subparallela, pilis longis erectis
parce vestita, thorace latitudine triplo breviore, punctato, lateribus rotundatis,
medio late canaliculato, postice versus angulos oblique profunde impresso,
elytris thorace baud angustioribus, ad trientem secundum vix angustatis, dein
rotundatim attenuatis, fortiter serratis, striis fortiter punctatis, interstitiis
parce subtiliter punctatis, maculis fiavis varie connexis vittam reticulatam
fere ad apicem extensam utrinque formantibus. Long. '34.

One specimen, Tejon. Allied by sculpture and marking to the preceding,
but differs by the thorax not being wider than the elytra, by its sides not being
suddenly incurved behind, and by the elytra being hardly attenuated from the
base to the second third, and finally by the reticulated mass of small spots
forming broad vitta extending nearly to the apex.

44. Acmreodera guttifer, subcylindrica seneo-nigra, parce longe albo-
pilosa, thorace latitudine duplo breviore, convexo, lateribus rotundatis, apice
transversim impresso, basi medio profunde foveato et late excavato, fortiter
punctato, elytris postice obtuse rotundatis, punctis quadratis seriatis, interstitiis
subtiliter uniseriatim punctulatis, striis extends exaratis, guttis fiavis ornatis,
3 discoidalibus, 5 submarginalibus. Long. -28.

Tejon. Resembles the small common species of the Atlantic States, but is
abundantly distinct ; the anterior discoidal spot is on the 5th and 6th spaces
at the middle, the 2d on 4th and 5th at one-fourth from the apex, the 3d
on the 3d and 4th half way between the second and the tip : the humeri
are elevated.

45. Limonius hispidus.

46. Dolopius subustus. A variety of this species having the suture
broadly fuscous and the margin of the elytra behind the middle also dark-
ened.

47. Sericosomus d e b i 1 i s , luteo testaceus, elongatus breviter pubescens,
thorace latitudine fere duplo longiore, lateribus late rotundatis, antrorsum
vix angustiore, angulis posticis subcarinatis haud divaricatis, dense punctato,
obsolete canaliculato, elytris striis punctatis, interstitiis subconvexis confertim
punctulatis. Long. - 29.

One specimen Tejon. Closely related to S. silaceus (El. silaceus Say,)
and differs essentially only by the posterior angles of the thorax not diverging,
but continuing the outline of the sides of the thorax.

*&

48. Elater cordifer, niger, breviter pubescens, thorace opaco, confer-
tissime punctato, latitudine paulo longiore, antrorsum sensim angustato, late-
ribus rotundatis, elytris lsete auruntiacis, macula communi nigra apicali cor-
diformi signatis, striis punctatis, interstitiis planis rugose punctulatis, antennis
articulis 2ndo et 3io conjunctis 4to vix longioribus ; tarsis fuscis. Long. -41.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73

One specimen, Tejon : another from Sacramento Valley given me by Mr.
S. S. Rathron. Resembles in appearance E. a p i c a t u a , but the color of the
elytra is much more vivid, the intervals between the striae are flat, the thorax
is much more densely punctured and without lustre. The hair on the head
and thorax is entirely black, on the elytra it is yellowish.

49. Melanactes dens us.

50. Cardiophorus fulvipes, plumbeo-niger, nitidus pube brevissima
incanus, thorace latitudine baud longiore, convexo, lateribus valde rotuudatis,
dense subtilissime punctulato, obsolete canaliculate, angulis posticis baud
divaricatis, elytris subtilissime punctulatis, striis punctatis, interstitiis con-
vexis, pedibus fulvo-testaceis. Long. '36.

One specimen, Tejon. Related to C. tenebrosus, but with the feet red,
and the thorax more rounded on the sides. Belongs to the division with tarsi
and ungues simple.

Aflastus.

Frons paulo concava, antice sensim defiexa, medio baud marginata : oculi
convexi ; lab rum breve antice rotundatum, clypeo arete affix um ; mandibulse
modice elongatae, acuta?, medio obtuse dentatae : palpi articulo ultimo non
longiore subcylindrico : antennas (maris) elongatae, 11-articulatae, articulo
lmo crassiore, sequentibus duobus breviore, 3io 2ndo sesqui longiore, haud
dilatato, 4to triangulari, 3io sesqui longiore ; 5 10, 4to sequalibus, 11 lon-
giore apice acuminate Prosternum antice late rotundatum, sutura laterali
recta, postice mucronatum : coxa? anticae parvae, mediae contiguae, posticae
laminis intus subsubito latioribus truncatis : tarsi longiusculi, pubescentes,
articulis 1 4 sensim brevioribus, 5to praecedente longiore, ungtiiculis integris :
tibiae tenues, calcaribus parvis ; abdomen 5 -articulatum.

Has the appearance of an elongate Corymbites, (e. g. C. appressifrons) but
is closely allied to Plastocerus and Euthysanius, from which it differs essen-
tially only by the antennae being elongate and serrate.

51. Aplastus speratus, nigro-fuscus, pube cinerea vestitus, thorace lati-
tudine fere sesqui longiore, antrorsum sensim angustato, lateribus rectis,
angalis posticis elongatis valde divaricatis, punctate, postice obsolete canali-
culate, elytris striis distinctis, interstitiis punctatis subconvexis. Long. "66.

Several specimens from Tejon. The antennae extend considerably beyond
the base of the thorax, and being of the same length, or nearly so, in all the
specimens, I infer that they are all males.

This genus most perfectly completes the line of genera from the aberrant
Elaters like Campylus, through Plastocerus and Euthysanius to Cebrio. This
resembles the Elaters, and Exithysanius the Cebrios. An interesting fact,
though not without parallel in other families and classes of animals, is that
these transition forms should all occur in one Zoological region.

52. Plastocerus fr at e r . Under this name I would characterize a species
very closely related in form and sculpture to P. Schaumii, but differing by
the thorax being broader and considerably rounded on the sides. The female
is of the same form as the male, but with the elytra slightly narrowed towards
the tip ; the wings are perfect. The antennae of the female are short and
serrate. The specimens are in the collection of Mr. Henry Ulke, and I have
not access to them at this present moment, but will on a future occasion
make a full description of them. I will add, in passing, that the sexual
characters given by me (Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 10, 502,) are erroneously
founded.

53. Euthysanius 1 a u t u s . Several males and one female were procured
at Tejon. The latter is one of the most remarkable forms yet found and indi-
cates the close relation between this genus and the Cebrionidae. The head and

1859.]

74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

thorax are as in the male: the antennas are longer than the head,
12-jointed, the inner angle of the 6th and 7th slightly prominent, of
the 8th 11th joints gradually more prolonged into a short ramus : the ramus
of the 11th almost equal to the 12th joint. Elytra covering only the first seg-
ment of the abdomen, diverging at the suture behind, and obliquely truneated
with the outer angle broadly rounded. Abdomen very long, cylindrical, with
seven ventral segments and a large anal plate, first segment very short. Feet
entirely as in the male. Length, 1"45.

5.4. Podabrus pruinosus.

55. Podabrus Tejonicus, supra pallidus, capite dense subtiliter punc-
tato, pone oculos nigro, thorace punctulato latitudine paulo longiore, lateribus
rectis, utrinque longitudinaliter late excavato, disco postice late excavato
callis duobus notato, elytris subtilius scabro-punctatis ; subtus piceus, anten-
narum basi, pedibusque pallidis femoribus posterioribus basi nigris. Long. -30.

One specimen, Tejon. At first view, resembles P. cavicollis Lee, from
San Diego, but the head is more finely punctured, the thorax is comparatively
wider, finely punctulate, not deeply excavated in the middle for its whole
length, as in that species, and the elytra are more finely punctured : the ante-
rior angles of the thorax are rounded, while in P. cavicollis, they are obliquely
and broadly truncate. The ungues as in that species are broadly toothed at
the base.

Tanaops, (fam. Melyrida?.)

Antenna? frontales, in foveis inserta? : 11-articulata?, serrata? ; palpi maxillares
articulo ultimo longiore acuto : labrum antice rotundatum, clypeus brevis
membraneus : tarsi simplices antici 5-articulati, maris arLiculis duobus paulo
latioribus : abdomen segmentis ventralibus anticis medio membraneis : caput
elongatum.

A genus composed of Malachius longiceps Lee, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc.
6, 165,) and the one described below. It differs remarkably from the other
genera, by the antenna? being frontal, inserted before the eyes, but not near
the clypeal suture, which from the length of the head is thus much farther
from the eyes than usual. The clypeus is membranous at apex, corneous at
base in the type, but in the other is entirely membranous. This would seem
to indicate that they were to be regarded as of different genera, but the form,
sculpture and coloration, as well as the length of head and position of antennae
are so perfectly similar in both species, that it would be very unnatural to
separate them. Regarding the genus as the transition form from Malachius
with frontal antenna? and corneous clypeus to Anthocomus with the antenna?
lateral and clypeus membranous, it will be clear that the clypeus might be
variable in structure, provided other characters be impressed sufficient to dis-
tinguish the group as of generic value. We will then have two groups : 1. T.
longiceps, with the clypeus partly corneous and the abdomen simple.
2. T. abdominalis, with the clypeus entirely membranous and the last three
segments of the abdomen with deep reniform excavations, the last one having
in addition a small cup like medial fovea.

56. T. abdominalis, niger nitidus, parce nigro-pilosellus, capite elongato,
thorace lateribus late coccineis, elytris punctulatis limbo laterali, sutura fere
ad basin, apiceque coccineis, subtus rufus, antennis pedibus postpectoreque
nigris, abdominis segmentis tribus ultimis profunde excavatis. Long. *15.

Tejon, one specimen. The pygidium is black, the segment before it is black
in the middle, rufous at the sides. Other specimens will be required to deter-
mine whether the curious excavations of the abdomen are sexual or specific in
value.

Hapalorhinps.

Antennrp frontales, in foveis majusculis inserta?, 11-articulata?, pectinata?,
vel serrata? ; palpi maxillares articulo ultimo longiore acuto : labrum trans-

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75

versuni truncatum ; clypeus brevis membraneus ; tarsi antici 5-artieulati,
maris haud dilatati : abdomen articulis totis corneis, vel medio membraneis :
caput breve.

A genus also intermediate between Malacbius and Anthocomus, agreeing
with "the first in the position of the antennae, with the second by the membran-
ous clypeus. Besides the species here described, I refer to this genus Malacbius
auritus Lee, (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. 6, 165,) which differs by the antennae
being serrate in both sexes and by the ventral segments of the abdomen being
corneous. In the species here made known, all the segments except the last
have a wide medial membranous portion.

57. H. mirandus, elongatus, parallelus, capite viridiseneo, subtilissime
punctulato et pubescente, thorace latitudine breviore, fiavo, macula magna
nigra a basi fere ad apicem extensa, elytris opacis rugosis flavis, sutura anguste
nigra, scutello nigro ; subtus niger, genubus anterioribus, pedibusque posticis
plus minus flavis. Long. *15.

Mas antennis pectinatis, elytris flavis, apice contortis, biappendiculatis;
margine summo nigricante, femoribus tibiisque posticis flavis.

Femina antennis serratis, elytris flavis, fascia latissima e plagis tribus con-
fluentibus composita nigro-virescente, pedibus posticis nigris, genubus testa-
ceis.

Tejon. The colors of the two sexes are so different, as to lead to error. In
the male the elytra are yellow, impressed and distorted at the apex, with a
small cylindrical black sutural prominence, and a wide concave external one,
which is margined with black : the posterior thighs and tibiae are yellow, the
former with the upper margin black. In the female there is a long common
sutural spot confluent each side with one extending nearly the whole length
of the margin, forming a very wide band of a greenish color, and the posterior
legs are black, with only the knees and apex of the tibia? yellow. The penis
of the male is prominent forming a long cylindrical corneous style.

58. Byturus grisescens.

59. Dasytes sordidus. GO. D. squalidus. 61. D. constric-
tus. 62. D. luteipes.

63. Dasytes quadricollis, oblongus nigro-aeneus, pilis nigris ereetis
dense vestitus, subtiliter cinereo-pubescens, thorace latitudine breviore. pane
subtiliter punctulato, lateribus vix rotundatis, angulis posticis rectis subpro-
minulis, elytris dense subtilius punctatis. Long. *17.

Tejon. Related toD. conformis and sordidus, but differs from both
by the sides of the thorax being scarcely rounded, with the posterior angles
very distinct.

64. D. sculptilis, elongatus, parum convexus, thorace latitudine bre-
viore, lateribus late rotundatis angulis anticis acutis, posticis prominulis, alu-
taceo, praecipue ad latera parce punctulato, linea laterali a margine remota ba-
sin ambiente insculpto, elytris alutaceis rugose punctulatis, fortiter marginatis,
ad apicem anguste flavis, ano antennis pedibusque rufis, femoribus posticis
apice infuscatis : unguiculis internis appendice longa instructis, externis ad
basin late dentatis. Long. *15.

One specimen, Tejon. A very extraordinary species having very much the
appearance of a small Trogosita ; the last three joints of the antenna? are a
little broader than the preceding. The peculiar sculpture of the thorax, a
lateral line remote from the margin, and bending around close to the basal
margin, is also found inD. constrictus, but was not previously observed
by me on account of the somewhat bad condition of the specimens. It is
quite obvious in those collected at Tejon ; in that species, however, the
ungues are both furnished with a large appendage as usual.

65. Rhadalus testaceus. The original of this species, together with
1859.] .

76 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

many other uniques of my collection was lost in a vessel, while being sent to
Prof. Lacordaire for examination. A mutilated specimen was brought by Mr.
Schott from the Mexican boundary, but the arrival of a fine specimen from
Tejon, enables me to study anew the characters, by the aid of Prof. Lacordaire's
fourth volume.

The tarsi are not lobed beneath as formerly described by me : the appearance
was produced by the agglutination of hairs. From the absence of lobes, the
presence of large appendages to the claws, and the size and obliquity of the
middle coxse, the genus must be referred to the same family with Dasytes,
though remarkably different from any other described. The eyes are rounded,
prominent and coarsely granulate : the last joint of the long maxillary palpi
is large and securiform, of the labial palpi triangular ; the posterior tarsi have
the first and second joints about equal, the third very slightly shorter, the
fourth still shorter. The sixth segment of the abdomen in one specimen is
exserted, in the other retracted, so as to be very small. The posterior coxse
appear precisely as in the Cleridaa : so that this anomalous genus must be
regarded as intimately connecting Dasytes with that family.

66. Cymatodera ovipennis, fusco-castanea, pilis pallidis parce vestita,
capite confertissime, thorace subtilius dense punctato, latitudine duplo longiore,
ante medium parum,pone medium fortius constricto, medio transversim rugoso,
pone apicem transversim inipresso, elytris ad basin thorace vix latioribus, pos-
tice sensim dilatatis, subtiliter punctulatis, striis punctatis, apicem hand at-
tingentibus, internis brevioribus, fascia transversa pallida ad medium ornatis,
antennis pedibusque pallidioribus, illis apice palpisque flavo-testaceis. Long.
40 -45.

Tejon, two specimens. Resembles in form C. angustata Spin., hut is
much larger, the thorax is less densely punctured, and the strise of the elytra
are abbreviated, the internal ones ceasing at the pale band.

67. Trichodes tenellus.

68. Clerus e x i m i u s .

69. Necrobia rufipes.

70. Ptinus verticalis, nigro-piceus, elongatus, pube sordide ochracea
squamiformi dense vestitus, capite inter oculos transversim impresso, thorace
latitudine longiore, postice angustato et profunde constricto, medio sulcato,
ad medium dentibus 4 transversim positis e setis erectis formatis armato ;
elytris latitudine fere duplo longioribus, convexis lateribus rotundatis, seriatim
punctatis et longe pilosis ; antennis pedibusque testaceis. Long. T7.

One female, Tejon. Has the dimensions of the female of P. fur, but differs
very much in its characters.

71. Sinoxylon declive.

72. Exops Stoutii Lee. AUccocnemis Stoutii Lee. 73. E. o vipennis.

74. Lyctus planicollis.

75 . Edrotes ventricosus.

76. Nyctoporis carinata.

77. Pelecyphorus costipennis, elongatus, ater, snbopacus, thorace con-
vexo, latitudine breviore, lateribus valde rotundatis, depresso-marginatis,
rugosis, angulis posticis perobtusis, disco requaliter sat dense punctato, elytris
thorace angustioribus, sutura, margine, costisque utrinque tribus valde elevatis.
Long. -63 -80.

Tejon. The first and second costae unite about one-sixth from the apex, the
third commences at the margin about one-ftmrth from the base, and ceases
opposite the confluence of the other two costse. The apex of the elytra is
strongly margined. The antenna? are moderately short, hardly attaining the
middle of the thorax : the head is punctured like the thorax : the apical angle

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 77

of the anterior tibia? is prolonged. A variety occurs, in which the third costa
is entirely wanting, and the first and second have the same origin at the
base.

78. Nosoderma diabolicum.

79. Nosoderma pustulosum, sordidum, thorace obovato, latitndine
longiore, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis obtusis, dorso medio deplanato,
lateribus late foveatis,tuberculis pai-vis subnitidis parcis, prsecipue ad marginem
et in medio positis, elytris intra humeros subexcavatis, medio deplanatis, ante
apicem subretusis, tuberculis confertis subnitidis undique obsitis. Long. -92.

One specimen, Tejon. Of the size and form of N. diabolicum, but the
tubercles are smaller, and less irregular, the base of the elytra is not exca-
vated near the scutellum, and there are no velvety spots on the thorax and
elytra.

80. Nosoderma plica turn, elongatum, nigro-sordidum, thorace obovato,
latitudine longiore, angulis anticis rotundatis, posticis obtusis, subinaequali,
medio granulis parcis nitidis, ad latera tuberculis parvis signato, elytris paral-
lelis ante apicem triverrucosis, prsecipue ad latera et apicem tuberculatis,
costula humerali alteraque pone medium obliquis munitis. Long. -61.

Tejon, three specimens : very different from any other seen by me. The
basal costa commences at the humerus, runs slightly inwards, and terminates
at the middle : another oblique fold commences near the margin a little before
the middle, runs parallel with the first, and ends about the third fifth ; the
inner anterior tuberosity is also a little prolonged in the same direction. There
is a slight vestige of a costa at the base, parallel with the suture and about
midway between it and the humeral costa. The antennal cavities are not so
abrupt as in N. d i a b o 1 i c u m.

81. Eleodes dentipes. 82. E. latico His. 83. E. quadricollis.
84. E. consobrina. 85. E. Veseyi. 86. E. scabrosa.

87. Eleodes scabripennis, atra, ovata, subnitida, thorace latitudine
paulo breviore, subquadrato, lateribus rotundatis, postice sensim paulo angus-
tato, angulis posticis obtusis, dense punctato, ad latera subasperato, elytris
ovalibus, thorace latioribus, dorso parum convexis, postice valde declivibus,
granulis parvis inordinatis dense exasperatis, et versus suturam punctatis,
tibiis muticis, prosterno postice oblique submucronato, antennis extrorsum
parum incrassatis. Long. -65.

One specimen, Tejon. Of the same size and sculpture as E. Veseyi, but
differing by the thorax being much less rounded on the sides, by the posterior
angles not being at all prominent, and by the prosternum being a little more
prominent behind.

88. Amphidora osculans. 89. A. littoralis.

90. Helops rugulosus.

91. Helops angustus, elongatus, ameo-niger, subnitidus, ^thorace latitu-
dine baud breviore, vix convexo, lateribus rotundatis, angulis posticis sub-
rectis, capite dense aciculato-punctato, elytris thorace paulo latioribus, striis
profundis antice subpunctatis, interstitiis parce subtiliter punctulatis, antennis
pedibusque rufo-piceis, palpis tarsisque piceo-rufis. Long. -31 --36.

Tejon, two specimens. Quite distinct from all others known to me by the
above characters.

92. Coniontis viatica.

93. Coniontis abdominalis, ovalis, subcylindrica, convexa, nigra, sub-
nitida, thorace lateribus minus subtiliter marginatis, medio parce, lateribus
densius subtiliter punctato, elytris rugosis, sat dense punctatis, abdomine
confertim rugose punctato. Long. -66.

1859.] 6

78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Larger and stouter than either C. viatica, affinis or Eschscholtzii, having
the sculpture very like C. a f f i n i s, but with the elytra more finely punctured :
in all of those however the abdomen is very sparsely and finely punctulate,
while in this it is entirely covered with a coarse, somewhat rugous punc-
tuation.

94. Blapstinus brevicollis. 95. B. pulverulentus.

96. Eulabis rufipes.

97. Eulabis brevicornis, elongatus, nigro-piceus, capite confertim, tho-
race confertim minus subtiliter punctatis, hoc latitudine breviore, minus
convexo, lateribus rotundatis, postice subsinuatis angulis posticis rectis,
elytris subtiliter costatis, interstitiis uniseriatim punctulatis, antennis pedi-
busque piceis, illis capite paulo longioribus. Long. "25.

Narrower and less convex than Eu. rufipes, with the antennae shorter
and stouter.

98. Tenebrio mo lit or.

99. Ccelocnemis o b e s a.

100. Platydema oregonense.

101. Xystropus opacus, elongatus, niger opacus, thorace semicirculari, basi
bisinuato, confertissime subtiliter punctato, elytris thorace hand latioribus,
striis punctatis interstitiis vix convexis, sutura anguste rufescente. Lons.
35.

One specimen, Tejon. Related to X. brevis (Cistela brevis Say) but imich
narrower, and with the antennae and feet entirely black.

102. Cistela s eric e a.

103. Prionychus cyanescens, elongatus niger, thorace elytrisque obscure
cyaneis opacis, capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis, hoc subquadrato,
lateribus paulo rotundatis, elytris thorace paulo latioribus, striis punctatis,
interstitiis paulo convexis, alutaceis. Long. *31.

One specimen, Tejon. Of the same size and form as P. gracilis (Stenochia
gracilis Lee.) from San Diego, but differs by the blue color of the thorax and
elytra, and the entirely black feet.

104. Allecula punctulata, elongato-ovalis, fusca, pubescens, thorace lati-
tudine plus duplo breviore, semicirculari, confertim subtiliter punctato, basi
utrinque subimpresso, elytris confertim subtiliter punctatis, striis internis
distinctis, externis vagis, antennarum basi, tibiis tarsisque pallidioribus s
Long. -28.

Tejon, one specimen. Differs from several species from the Atlantic States
by the thorax being more finely and densely punctured.

105. Anaspis atra.

106. Anaspis n u b i 1 a, linearis, flava pubescens, subtiliter dense punctu-
lata, thorace latitudine fere duplo breviore, semicirculari, elytris fascia lata
media indeterminata nigra, antennis nigris, basi flavis ; subtus fusca, pedibus
iiavis. Long. -09.

Tejon. No sexual appendages on the abdomen of the specimens examined.

107. Mordella scutellaris.

108. Lytta smaragdula. A specimen perhaps belonging to this species,
found at Tejon, is of a purplish color, with the antennae longer than in the
type, with the external joints nearly twice as long as wide. It does not differ
in any other character, and I am therefore for the present unwilling to sepa-
rate it.

109. Lytta puncticollis.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79

L10. Nernognatha scutellaris.

111. Pedilus punctulatus.

112. Asclera excavata.

113. Bruchus desertorum. 114. B. p a up e r cuius.

115. Rhyncites bicolor.

116. Sitones calif rnicus.

117. Lixus pleuralis.

118. Baridius n as Tit us, elongatus niger, nitidus, rostro thorace haud
breviore, tenui parum arcuate, seriatim punctato, fironte constricta, capite
parce punctulato, thorace latitudine longiore, lateribus late rotundatis, apice
breviter constricto, fortiter sat dense punctato, ad latera parce albo-pubescente,
elytris striis profundis punctatis, interstitiis planis, uniseriatim punctulatis et
albo-pubescentibus, antennis tenuibus, articulo 2ndo elongato, 3io sequente
paulo longiore. Long. '18.

One specimen, Tejon.

119. Centrinus lineellus, breviter fusiformis, niger, subtus squamulis
ocbreis argenteo-nitentibus dense tectus, rostro thorace longiore, arcuato, apice
remote subtiliter basi fortiter punctato, linea media lsevi, capite nudo parce
punctulato, thorace dense punctato, nigro-squamoso, vittis tribus latis ochreo-
squamosis, elytris nigro-squamosis, profunde striatis, vittis duabus integris
intermediaque basali ochreo-squamosis. Long. "12.

One specimen, Tejon. The inner vitta occupies the whole of the 2nd
interval and the 3rd from the apex to within one-fourth of the base : the
short basal vitta is on the 4th, and extends about one-sixth of the length :
the external vitta covers the 6th interval to the middle, then occupies the 7th
and 9th : a few scattered yellow scales are seen near the margin. The com-
missures of the abdomen and the coxa? are black. The feet are sparsely
clothed with scales.

120. Sphenophorus subcarinatus.

121. Sphenophorus simplex, niger, subnitidus, rostro cylindrico, sub-
tiliter punctato, ad basin canaliculate, capite lsevi, thorace oblongo, latitudine
longiore, lateribus late rotundatis, ad. apicem subito constricto et tubulato,
fere aequaliter punctato, ante scutellum obsolete impress, et paulo grossius
punctato, elytris striis profundis externis punctatis, interstitiis alutaceis
planis subtiliter parce punctulatis, tibiis anticis intns late sinuatis, posteriori-
bus intus unidentatis et fimbriatis, antennis piceo-rufis. Long. -32 -36.

Tejon. Varies with the legs reddish yellow. The small punctures of the
intervals of the elytra are irregular on the sutural and alternate spaces, but
form a single series on the second and alternate spaces : the external striae are
distinctly punctured ; the interior ones appear smooth, but with a powerful
lens they are seen to be slightly punctured.

121. Callidium b 1 a n d u m , elongatum rufo-testaceum, parce breviter pal-
lide pubescens, thorace latitudine vix breviore antice parum, postice distincte
constricto, lateribus rotundatis, parce punctato, elytris obscure cyaneis con-
fertim punctatis, abdomine nigricante, antennis obscuris basi runs. Long. -25.

Tejon. Closely allied to C. a m ce n u m Say, but is narrower, with the elytra
more densely punctured, the abdomen blackish, and the feet entirely rufous.

122. Callidium obscurum, fusco-nigrum, haud nitidum, pilis fuscis
suberectis vestitus, capite thoraceque confertissime punctatis, hoc longius
parce piloso, lateribus rotundatis, postice angustiore, linea obsoleta dorsali,
calloque postico hevibus, elytris parce punctatis, punctis ad basin grossis,
postice subtilibus, femoribus valde incrassatis, tibiis parce longe pilosis*
Long. *48 - 55.

Tejon. Allied to C. dimidiatum, but from its larger size and uniform,
color it looks like a Tetropium. y

1859.]

HO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Brothylus.

Oculi rude granulati : palpi compressi, breves : antennae simplices articulo
4to contiguis fere duplo breviore : mandibulse apice acutse. Thorax lateribus
rotundatis tuberculo acuto armatis, dorso bicallosus, elytris apice conjunctim
rotundatis. Pedes mediocres, fenioribus haud clavatis, tarsis posterioribus
articulo lmo seqnentes duo fequante.

Belongs to the same group with Eburia and Elaphidion, but differs re-
markably by the 4th joint of the antenna? being about half as long as the 3d
or 5th.

123. B. gemmulatus, fusco-piceus, pube brevi helva vestitus, capite
thoraceque rude punctatis, hoc latitudine haud breviore, lateribus antice
rotundatis, postice sinuatis, tuberculo acuto ad medium armatis, dorso ad
medium utrinque tuberculo sublsevi munito, elytris thorace latioribus, subtil-
lissime rugose punctulatis, granulis niajuseulis parcis nitidis, postice sensim
punctis fientibus. Long. -67.

Tejon, two specimens. The granules are very scattered, larger at the base,
gradually becoming smaller, they are converted into punctures at the tip.

124. Elaphidion 1 i n e a r e , valde elongatum, testaceum, parce minus sub-
tiliter albo-pubescens, thorace latitudine longiore, lateribus rotundatis, con-
fertim grosse punctato, callo dorsali postico lsevi, elytris fortiter punctatis
apice emarginatis, vix bispinosis, femoribus muticis, antennarum articulis
3, 4 et 5 spina brevi apicali armatis. Long. *41.

Tejon, one specimen. Quite as slender as Sclerocerus rigidus.

125. Clytus nauticus.

126. Acmreops falsa, elongata, nigra, pube brevi albida incana, thorace
oonvexo, lateribus rotundatis, postice transversim impresso, et in lateribus
vix constricto, angulis posticis obtusis, rufo nitido haud dense punctato,
elytris confertim punctatis, thorace latioribus parallelis apice rotundatis.
Long. -28.

One specimen, Tejon. By its color this species recedes from Acmseops and
resembles various Lepturse, but the characters, as well as the form of thorax,
belong to this genus.

127. Toxotus nubifer, capite nigro punctato, thorace nigro subtiliter
punctulato, latitudine longiore, antrorsum angustato, antice posticeque con-
stricto, tuberculo laterali magno obtuso, elytris humeris prominulis, postice
sensim augustatis apice oblique intus truncatis, dense subtilissime punctulatis
et rugosis, nigricantibus, margine basali laterali apicalique late piceo-rufo ;
pectoribus nigris, abdomine antennis palpis pedibusque piceo-rufis. Long. '70.*

One specimen, Tejon.

128. Leptura 1 se t a .

129. Leptura 6-s p i 1 o t a, nigra, dense fulvo-pubescens, thorace latitudine
haud longiore, convexo, confertissime punctato, lateribus rotundatis, a medio
antrorsum angustato, angulis posticis parvis acutis, elytris sat fortiter puncta-
tis, postice sensim angustatis, apice singulatim rotundatis, pallide flavis,
sutura limboque toto anguste nigris, macula utrinque ante medium alterisque
tribus margini cohaerentibus nigris, antica angustiore, alteris magnis quadra-
tis : femoribus rufo-testaceis, tibiis tarsisque infuscatis, antennis fuscis.
Long. -24 -33i.

Tejon, abundant. Belongs to the same group as L. instabilis, con-
vex a , cordifer, &c.

The anterior marginal spot is only a slight dilatation of the black margin,
and extends from the base one-fourth the length of the elytra : the second spot
is quadrate extending from the margin half way to the suture, the third is
transverse, quadrate, situated one-fourth from the apex, and sometimes nearly
reaches the suture.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81

130. Tetraopes mancus, niger, supra coccineus, breviter nigro-pubescens,
thorace parce punctato, tuberculo laterali prominulo obtuse rotundato, umbone
dorsali modice sed subito elevato, guttis 4 nigris solitis definito, elytris mo-
dice punctatis, gutta humerali alteraque utrinque pone medium nigris ornatis,
scutello nigro, pedibus totis nigris, antennis cinereo-annulatis, articulo primo
ssepe rufo-tincto. Long. - 55 -61.

Tejon, abundant. Spotted like T. 5-maculatus, but tbe middle of tbe
thorax is more elevated, the lateral tubercles more prominent, the elytra less
coarsely punctured, and the antennae annulated with cinereous hair.

131. Saxinis saucia. Three specimens from Tejon differ from more
northern specimens by the thorax and elytra being more strongly punctured.
Such differences between forms presenting otherwise similar specific character*
are found in several genera of Chrysomelida?. I leave the investigation of
their nature for a future occasion.

132. Exema conspersa. Abundant.

133. Cryptocephalus a u r a t u s , (chalconatus Mann.)

134. Pachnephorus ? smaragdulus. Abundant.

135. Chrysochus cobaltinus.

136. Glyptoscelis albidus, oblongus, obscure cupreus, densissime albo-
pubescens, thorace confertim punctato, latitudine hand breviore, lateribus late
rotundatis, elytris thorace latioribus confertim punctatis. Long. -30.

Tejon: a specimen from Sacramento was given me by Mr. S. S. Rathvon.
Differs from G. hirtus, (Eumolpus hirtus 01. Eu. pini Say,) by the punctures
being smaller, by the thorax being narrower and less rounded on the sides
and by the hair being of a uniform whitish color. The genus Glyptoscelis
(J.Chevr.) is distinguished from the other genera allied to Eumolpus by the
mouth not being covered beneath by the prosternum, by the claws being
toothed, and by the tibiaj being longitudinally suleate. The head is not sculp-
tured as in Heteraspis.

137. ffidionychis violascens, ovata, convexa, chalybeo-violacea, thorace
latitudine duplo breviorej antrorsum angustato, angulis anticis prominulis
posticis rectis, fortiter haud dense punctato, elytris confluenter haud subtiliter
punctatis. Long. -24.

Tejon, two specimens. From its color, it appears at first sight to be a Haltica
of the division Graptodera.

138. Phyllobrotica flavicollis, cyanea, thorace flavo, latitudine paulo
breviore, subquadrato, lateribus late rotundatis, disco postice late haud pro-
funde impresso, elytris punctulatis, antennis basi testaceo-maculatis. Lon^r.
28.

Tejon. Resembles in form Galleruca atriventris Say, and belongs to
the same genus as that species, which has a remarkable peculiarity not before
noticed : in the male the third joint of the antennae is obsolete, so that the
organs become 10-jointed. I have not yet examined any males of the present
species.

139. Phyllobrotica bivittata, flava nitida, oculis vittaque elytrorum a
humero fere ad apicem extensa nigris, thorace latitudine breviore, lateribus
rotundatis ; elytris obsolete punctulatis. Long. -18.

Fort Tejon. A very pretty little species, without any thoracic impres-
sions.

140. Diabrotica viridipennis, capite flavo, occipite nigricante, thorace
flavo, latitudine breviore, lateribus rectis parallelis, disco postice profunde luna-
tim excavato, elytris subtiliter punctulatis cyaneo-viridibus, postpectore abdo-
mineque nigris pube albida canis, pedibus flavis, antennis fuscis, basi flavis.
Long. -25.

1859.]

S2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

Tejon. I knew not the value of this or the preceding genus, nor the charac-
ters upon which they rest : the habitus is sufficient to enable them to be
readilj recognized, but future researches will be necessary to establish them
fully.

141. Diabrotica 12 -punctata.

142. Galleruca guttulata. 143. G. luteocincta.

144. Microrhopala signaticollis, nigro-cyanea, capite tristriato, thoraee
latitudine breviore, antrorsum angustato, lateribiis rectis, parce grosse punc-
tato, macula maxima laterali a basi fere ad apicem extensa rufo-flava, elytris
thoraee latioribus subparallelis, apice late rotundatia, punctis grossis seriatim
positis, seriebus per paria paulo approximatis. Long. - 23.

Tejon, one specimen. This species has the form, size, and sculpture of Hispa
c y a n e a Say, except that the thorax is more sparsely punctured. The
lateral yellow spots readily distinguish it from all others seen by me.

145. Hippodamia punc t ulat a . 146. H. obsoleta.

147. Mycetina morosa, elongata, nigro-picea nitida, thoraee vix punctu-
lato, latitudine paulo breviore, lateribus parallelis antic e rotundatis, disco con-
cavo, insequali, linea transversa basali medio profunde exarata extrorsum
subtiliore, impressionibus basalibus brevibus profundis, elytris thoraee paulo
latioribus, elongato-ovalibus punctulatis. Long. *27.

Tejon, one specimen. This species has very much the same proportions as
M. la eta, (Epipocus hetiis Lee.)

Supplement.

I have, for the purpose of making these pages a complete record of the addi-
tions to our Pacific Coleopterous Fauna, here collected notes and descriptions
of species derived from various sources, which have not been mentioned in my
Report on the Coleoptera of Pacific North America, for the P. R. R. Expl. of
47th Par., or in the Catalogue of Coleoptera found adjacent to the U. S. and Mex.
Boundary, printed in the 4th vol. of the second series of the Journal of the
Academy. I propose, from time to time, as fresh material is furnished by the
kindness of my friends, to give other supplements to the Pacific Coleoptera Fauna
of the UnitedStates.

1. Dromius quadricollis, nigro-piceus, depressus, thoraee latitudine
breviore, quadrato, postice subangustato, transversim rugoso, postice profun-
dius impresso, lateribus latius marginatis pallidioribus, elytris oblongis. striatis
interstitiis parum convexis, subtus piceus. Long. -28.

Puget Sound, Mr. George Davidson. Very closely allied to D. piceus, but
differing chiefly in the form of the thorax: the latter is broader than long,
scarcely narrowed behind, with the depressed margin broader, the disc more
rugous, the dorsal line deeper, and the posterior transverse impression deeper;
the posterior angles are also more regularly rounded, and the elytra are a little
broader.

2. Cymindis abstrusa, picea, pubescens, capite thoraceque fortiter punc-
tato, fronte laevi, thoraee latitudine breviore, postice angustato, lateribus rotun-
datis postice subsinuatis, margine latius reflexo pallidiore, angulis posticis ob-
tusis, basi late rotundato, linea dorsali profunda, elytris oblongo-ovalibus nitidis,
striis antice punctatis, interstitiis planis, confuse subtiliter punctatis, margine
pallido, antennis castaneis, abdomine pedibusque piceo-testaceis. Long. -41.

Washington Territory, Dr. Kennerly. Of the size of C. laticollis, but
with the elytra shining, and the thorax more broadly margined : from C.
reflexa it differs by its larger size, broader elytra, and less coarsely punc-
tured head and thorax ; the latter is also comparatively more narrowed behind,
with the posterior angles less obtuse.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 83

3. Platynus bembidioides (Sericoda, bemb. Kirby). A specimen was found
on Puget Sound by Mr. Davidson, which in no respect differs from one found by
me at Lake Superior.

4. Pterostichus herculaneus Mann. A specimen (-70 long) was found
by Mr. Davidson on Puget Sound, which apparently belongs to this species. It
is related to P. algidus, but the two basal impressions each side run into a
large fovea as in P. c o r a c i n u s , &c, without, however, leaving any promi-
nence or punctures between them ; the little ridge adjacent to the margin is
more distinct. The elytra have a faint purplish tinge as in P. a m e t h y s t i n u 3.

5. Anisodactylus semipunctatus, oblongus, niger, vel aeneo-niger niti-
dus, capite punctulato, postice parce punctata, thorace latitudine sesqui
breviore, postice subangustato, lateribus rotuudatis, postice obliquis subde-
pressis, angulis posticis obtusis, confertim subtiliter punctato, basi utrinque
paulo impresso, elytris striatis, interstitiis planis alternis parce punctulatis et
breviter pubescentibus, stria 2nda postice unipunctata. Long. 15 -5.

Oregon, Dr. Suckley, California. Resembles in form A. brevicollis Lee ,
but is distinguished among the black species, having the spur of the anterior
tibia toothed each side at base, by the small punctures of the alternate spaces
of the elytra. These punctures are sometimes, however, hardly distinct, in
which case this may be distinguished from A. brevicollis, consobrinus and
californicus, as well by differences in form, as by the sides of the thorax being
more distinctly and broadly depressed, and from A. si mil is by the thorax
being more narrowed behind, with the posterior angles more obtuse. I find,
on careful examination, that the last named species presents traces of fine
punctures on the alternate spaces of the elytra.

6. Agonoderus r u g i c o 1 1 i s, nigro-piceus, thorace testaceo, macula oblonga
centrali nigro, latitudine baud breviore, postice paulo angustato, lateribus
postice subsinuatis, basi late rotundato subdepresso punctato, angulis posticis
rectis rotundatis, elytris testaceis striis profundis, 2nda unipunctata, interstitiis
subconvexis, 2, 3 et 4 a quadrante ultra dodrantem nigris, antennis pedibusque
testaceis. Long. -28.

California, Mr. Rathvon. Very similar to A. dorsalis and pallipes, with the
posterior angles of the thorax more rounded than in the former, but less than
in the latter; it differs from both by the sides being slightly sinuous, by the
base being more depressed and punctured, by the disc being very distinctly
rugous, and finally by the intervals of the elytra being less convex.

7. Badister anthracinns, niger, nitidus, thorace latitudine sesqui
breviore, postice paulo angustato, angulis posticis obtusis rotundatis, anguste
marginato, antice transversini impresso, linea dorsali sat profunda, basi utrinque
late impresso alutaceo, elytris striis profundis, 2nda bipunctata. Long. -25.

Oregon, Dr. Suckley.

8. Bembidium indistinct um. 9. B. connivens; Oregon, Dr. Suckley.

10. Bembidium erasum, nigro-aneus, nitidissimus, thorace latitudine
breviore, convexiusculo, lateribus rotundatis postice paulo angustato, foveis
basalibus profundis bistriatis, basi punctato, elytris thorace latioribus, subcon-
vexis, striis internis 2 vel 3 subtiliter punctulatis, externis omnino obliteratis,
3ia profunde bipunctata. Long. *17.

Oregon, Dr. Suckley. Related to B. tetraglyptus, but is more convex and
much more shining, with the thorax narrower, and the basal foveaj deeper and
punctulate ; the carina at the angle is very distinct.

11. Bembidium obliquulum, latiusculum, ameum, thorace latitudine
sesqui breviore, ante medium angustato et lateribus rotundato, angulis posticis
rectis, basi transversim profunde impresso et utrinque bifeoveato, fovea ex-
terna obliqua, carina angulari minuta, elytris striis internis 4 vel 5 punctulatis,
externis obliteratis, interstitio 3io bipunctato, femoribus nigro-piceis, tibiis
tarsisque piceo-rnfis. Long. *24.

1859.]

84 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

California, Mr. Rathvon. Related to B. nitidum, (Eudromus re. Kir by)
but differs by the less shining surface, the obliquity of the external basal
fovea, and the color of the legs.

12. Nebria 1 i v i d a , aptera testacea, thorace postice angustato, lateribus
parum sinuato, angulis posticis subrectis, elytris octostriatis, stria 3ia quadri-
f'oveata, 5ta bifoveata, 6ta trifoveata. Long. - 43.

Cape Flattery; Dr. Newberry. Body depressed, uniform pale testaceous ;
head smooth, with faint impressions. Thorax wider than the head, one half
wider than long, gradually, but consideribly narrowed posteriorly, sides
Tounded in front, very faintly sinuate behind, posterior angles slightly obtuse,
not at all rounded, dorsal line entire, transverse impressions well marked,
base sparsely punctured and rugous, basal impressions not elongated, lateral
margin moderate. Elytra almost elliptical, with eight moderately deep strife,
not punctured, but marked with rows of brown quadrate cells in the substance,
simulating punctures, the third stria has four or five punctures, the fifth has
two to five behind the middle, the sixth has three or four also behind the
middle, the scutellar stria is short ; at the widest part they are one half wider
than the thorax.

13. Necrophilus tenuicornis, elongato-ovalis, nigro-piceus, parum eon-
vexus, thorace latitudine duplo breviore, lateribus rotundatis indeterminate
piceis, angustius depressis, parce subtiliter punctato, fortius versus latera, ely-
tris striis subtiliter crenulatis, 2nda 4taque punctis pluribus impressis, anten-
nis fere filiformibus, articulis externis crassitie fere duplo longioribus, pectore
pedibusque piceis. Long. "22.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Much smaller and narrower than N. hydro-
philoides, larger and narrower than N. 1 a t u s , but specially distin-
guished from both by the antennae not being thickened externally : the second
joint is almost equal to the fourth, and the third is scarcely one half longer than
either. By these characters it approaches Pteroloma, but the mandibles are
not many toothed, nor are the palpi acuminate at tip, and the inner lobe of
the maxilla? appears as in Necrophilus : the legs are also moderate in length as
in the latter genus.

14. Peltis s e r r a t a , oblongo-ovalis, sordide atra, opaca, rude punctata setis
erectis curvatis hispida, elytrorum thoracisque lateribus fortiter serratis, tho-
race insequali medio elevato, canaliculato, angulis posticis elongatis spinifor-
mibus, elytris tricostatis, internis duabus interruptis in callis inagnis
postice desinentibus. Long. -40.

Washington Territory, collected on the N. W. Boundary Survey, by Mr.
Geo. Gibbs. This species closely resembles P. silphides, (Boletophagus
silphides Newman, which was considered as identical with P. dentata, of
Northern Europe, by Dejean.) It is however larger, somewhat narrower, and
has the posterior angles of the thorax more elongated, and prominent.

15. Aulonium aequicolle, elongatum parallelum, nigrum nitidum,
capite thoraceque subtilius punctatis, hoc latitudine vix longiore, lateribus late
rotundatis, lineis solitis insculptis, disco sequaliter paulo convexo, elytris punc-
tulatis, striis punctatis postice obliteratis. Long. -20.

Sacramento Valley, Mr. Rathvon. Of the same form and sculpture as Au.
parallelopipedtim, and differing only by the thorax being not at all
excavated or tuberculate anteriorly, and by the sides being a little more
rounded.

Pseudopuancs.

Palpi maxillares articulo ultimo elongato, cylindrico ; mandibular breves :
antenna? corpore breviores, articulis externis vix crassioribus, lmo crassiore
conico paulo longiore : caput linea utrinque supraoculari insculpto ; pedes
mediocres, tarsis brevibus, articulo lmo parvo, 2ndo triangulari, 3io 2ndo
aequali longe bilobato, 4to vix conspicuo, 5to longiore unguiculis parvis.

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85

A genus having very much the form of Telephanus, but differing by
the cylindrical palpi, aud small fourth joint of the tarsi : as habitual charac-
ters, the body is more densely punctured, and the head each side has a longi-
tudinal line running from the base of the antennae.

16. P. signatus, elongatus, testaceus, pubescens, capite thoraceque
dense punctulatis, hoc latitudine longiore lateribus rectis serrulatis, angulo
utrinque prope apicem obtuso, disco postice vage impresso, punctis versus
basin majoribus ; elytris basi truncatis, humeris obtusis, striis punctatis, pos-
tice fere obliteratis, interstitiis dense punctatis, 4to, 6to et 8vopaulo latioribus,
plaga scutellari, altera communi ad medium, guttaque utrinque postica
cum mediali connexa nigricantibus ; antennarum articulis 8, 9 et 10 infusca-
tis. Long. '18.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. A very pretty little insect : the markings on
the elytra present a scutellar triangle, and a medial spot having the form of
the head of an arrow.

17. Ceruchus striatus, piceo-niger, nitidus, capite thoraceque grosse
parcius punctatis, fronte late concava, elytris striis profundis in fundo densius,
costis parcius grosse punctatis, antemiis rufis. Long. '68.

One female, found at Shoalwater Bay, by Dr. Cooper, and another in Wash-
ington Territory, by Mr. Gibbs. Resembles in proportions C. piceus, but
is much larger : the thorax is more convex and the elytra more deeply striate
and much more punctured.

18. Corymbetes tinctus. Several specimens of a species were found by
Dr. Kennerly and Mr. Gibbs, in Washington Territory, having the elytra of a
metallic green or purplish color. These resemble closely in appearance C.
aeripennis, and differ only by the thorax being less narrowed in front, more
broadly rounded on the sides, and by the stria? of the elytra being deeper, the
interstices slightly convex and more rugous, and by the feet being piceous
tinged with rufous. C. c a r b o , besides having both body and feet entirely
black, has the thorax still less narrowed in front, more strongly punctured,
and the prosternum more coarsely punctured.

19. Corymbetes profractus, elongatus, linearis, piceo-niger, thorace lon-
gius elytris breviter cano-pubescentibus, illo latitudine fere sesqui longiore,
parum convexo, crebre punctato, lateribus rectis fere parallelis, angulis posti-
cis acutis divergentibus, haud carinatis, elytris striatis, interstitiis convexis
confertim punctatis, antennis articulo 3io 4to sequali. Long. "58.

Oregon, Dr. Cooper. A very distinct species having the form of the male of
C. pyrrhos.

20. Dolopius opaculus, testaceo-piceus, opacus, helvo-pubescens, tho-
race lateribus postice pallidioribus dense punctato, paulo convexo, latitudine
sublongiore, antrorsum sensim angustato, lateribus ante medium rotundatis,
angulis posticis acutis carinatis, ante scutellum breviter canaliculato, elytris a
basi sensim angustatis, striis punctatis, interstitiis vix convexis, confertissime
punctatis ; coxis posticis laminis intus subito dilatatis, pedibus antennisque
fere testaceis, his articulis 2 et 3 aequalibus, singulis 4to paulo brevioribus.
Long. -27.

One specimen, Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Distinct from all others in my
collection, by its form, which approaches that of the small Monocrepidii with
simple tarsi, (M. dorsalis, &c.)

21. Elater tartareus, niger opacus, cuneiformis, breviter nigro-pubes-
cens, thorace confertissime punctato, latitudine longiore paulo convexo, an-
trorsum sensim angustato, lateribus late rotundatis, elytris striis punctatis,
interstitiis confertim scabro-punctatis, antennis valde serratis, articulis 2 et 3
parvis sequalibus. Long. '39.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Belongs to my division A. (Trans. Am. Phil.
Sac. 10, 463,) and is related toE. turbulentus Lee.

1859.] 7

86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

22. Adelocera cavicollis, nigro-picea opaca, ferrugineo subvariegata,
squamis luteo-sordidis inaequaliter vestita, thorace latitudine haud longiore,
lateribus undulatis antice valde rotundatis, niargine late depresso et reflexo,
disco triangulariter maxime excavato, et antice utrinque fovea magna impresso,
elytris dorso depressis, versus latera declivibus (ita ut costa obsoleta discoidea
efformatur,) sulcis tarsorum nullis, antennarum prope coxas desinentibus.
Long. *65.

One specimen, found by Dr. Newberry on the shores of Tlamatb Lake.
Allied to A. brevicornis Lee, but very different by the larger and deeper
excavations of the thorax.

This species is unfortunately the only relic of a large collection made along
the western border of the great basin : a region in which previously no collec-
tions had been made, and from which many most interesting species may be
expected.

23. Cardiophorus fenestratus, niger nitidus, omnium subtilissime
punctulatus, pube brevissima albida incanus, thorace latitudine haud longiore,
utrinque angustato, lateribus rotundatis, modice convexo, postice obsolete
canaliculato, striis basalibus elongatis, elytris striis fortius punctatis, intersti-
tiis parum convexis, maculis rotundatis flavis, duabus ad medium, duabus
ante apicem ornatis. Long. "25.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Of the same form asC. tumidicollis but
with the thorax less convex.

Pterotus.

Corpus elongatum, alatum ; caput breve, oculis magnis ; antennae paulo dis-
tantes, in foveis magnis insertae, articulo lmo brevi conico, 2ndo duplo minore,
crassitie vix longiore, 3 10 elongatis, ramo interno articulo quadruplo longi-
ore ad medium emittente, llmo ramum praecedentis eequante. Palpi maxillares
mediocres crassiusculi, articulo ultimo haud latiore : mandibular elongatse,
tenues, simplices. Thorax brevis trapezoideus, margine lateraliet apicali reflexo.
Elytra linearia, elongata apice rotundata. Coxa? anticae et intermediae magnae
conicse contiguae ; posticze parum prominulae : abdomen articulis 7 ventralibus,
lateribus serratum : lmo profunde emarginato, segmento anali (maris) elliptico.
Tarsi tibiis baud breviores, articulo lmo sequentibus duobus haud breviore, 4to
subtus lobato : unguiculari tenui longiore, unguiculis ad basin dilatatis.

A singular genus, which I have described at great length from my inability to
place it properly. It seems to have a mixture of characters belonging to the
Lampyrides, Telephorides and Drilides, but from the small size of the posterior
coxae is probably better placed with the latter. The antennae are somewhat
separated, inserted in large cavities, the edges of which being elevated make
the front concave ; it is difficult to say whether they are in front of or between the
eyes. I cannot determine whether the labrum is distinct or not. The mandi-
bles are very long, curved and slender as in Lampyrides. None of the ventral
segments are phosphorescent.

24. P. obscuripennis, elongatus flavo-testaceus, subtiliter pubescens,
thorace trapezoideo, latitudine duplo breviore, marginato, (latius ad latera et
apicem,) punctulato, subtiliter canaliculato, elytris nigro-piceis, fortiter dense
punctatis, lineis 4 parum elevatis. Long. -50.

Sacramento Valley, Mr. Rathvon.

Anorus.

Corpus elongatum, lineare. Caput latiusculum, oculis majusculis, ore angus-
to, sutura clypeali distincto, clypeo brevi, trapezoideo, labro late rotundato.
Antennae distantes, ante oculos insertae, 11-articulatae, articulo lmo crassiore
conico, 2ndo duplo breviore, 3io lmo aequali, 4 11 sensim paulo longioribus et
angustioribus. Mandibular crassae, acutae. Palpi tenues, maxillares articulo
ultimo longiore. Coxae anticae conicae, contiguae, trochantino maximo ; proster-

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 87

no baud producto ; intermediae conicae obliquae, paulo distantes, mesosterno
antice proruinulo breviter carinato : posticae obliquae laminis intus sensirn dila-
tatis : pedes mediocres, tibiis calcaribus distinctis, tarsis articulo lmo longiore,
2 et 3 subtus lobo membraneo, 4to lobis duobus membraneis instructis, ungui-
culis simplicibus. Abdomen sub-6-articulatum, articulo 6to (maris ?) apice ro-
tundato, retractili.

A genus which appears to belong to the Atopidae, though very distinct from
those mentioned in Lacordaire's work.

25. A. piceus, piceus nitidus, minus subtiliter cinereo-pubescens, capite
thoraceque punctulatis, hoc latitudine plus duplo breviore, antrorsum modice
angustato, lateribus rotundatis, basi late bisinuato, elytris seriatim punctatis,
substriatis. Long. *33.

San Diego, California : June. I have previously neglected to describe this
insect from my uncertainty in regard to its position. I trust that the previous
description will enable it to be recognized, for although there is nothing remark-
able in the appearance of this dark brown, hairy narrow insect, there is hardly
any genus with which it may be compared.

26. Anobium marginicolle, fuscum, subtilissime punctulatum, breviter
pubescens, thorace latitudine breviore, lateribus valde rotundatis fortiter mar-
ginatis, elytris thorace latioribus, elongatis, vix obsoletissime striatis, antennis
articulis 3 ultimis singulatim articulos 4 8 longitudine aequantibus : oculis
majusculis prominulis. Long. '21.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Belongs to the division Dryophilus Chevr., and
differs from a nondescript Pennsylvanian species given me by Dr. Melsheimer,
by the thorax being strongly margined on the sides, by the last joints of the
antennas being comparatively less elongated, and by the eyes being less promi-
nent.

27. Anobium quadrulum, cylindricum, piceum, pube brevi cinerea seri-
cans, thorace latitudine breviore, inaequali, scabro, lateribus subsinuatis valde
marginatis, angulis posticis subrectis, basi late rotundato, scutello densius pube-
scente, elytris fortiter seriatim punctatis, interstitiis subtilissime punctulatis,
antennis articulis 3 ultimis conjunctis praecedentes aequantibus. Long. *18.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. Allied to A. foveatum Kirby, but is less
elongate, with the sides of the thorax less sinuous, the posterior angles not
acute but subrectangular, and the base much less rounded.

28. Anobium cornutum, nigrum, cylindrico-ovale, subtiliter punctula-
tum, pube brevissima cana vix conspicua vestitum, thorace latitudine duplo
breviore, modice convexo, lateribus praecipue ante medium rotundatis, basi late
rotundato, angulis posticis rectis prominulis, antennarum articulis 3 ultimis
conjunctis reliquos fere aequantibus. Long. "11.

Mas, mandibulis cornu erecto tenui, capite sesqui longiore apice incurvo,
armatis ; femina mandibulis simplicibus.

California. This interesting species was sent me by Mr. Andrew Murray, as
having been hatched in great numbers from some galls sent from California.
The two horns of the male meet at their incurved tips.

Scotob^enus.

Corpus elongatum oblongum, apterum, elytris haud connatis. Clypeus pla*
nus antice truncatus : labrum late rotundatum : mentum parvuni subhexagonum
medio subelevatum, apice liberum, fere truncatum : antennae extrorsum paulo
crassiores, articulo 2ndo brevi, externis 4 vel 5 rotundatis. Pedes mediocres,
femoribus paulo clavatis, tibiis angustis, linea interna insculptis, tarsis tibiis
fere duplo brevioribus, articulis subtua flavo-villoris, articulo posticorum lmo
paulo longiore.

Allied to Upis, Centrionipus, Nyctibates, &c, but easily distinguished by the
above noted characters.

1859.]

88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

29. S. parallelus, elongatus, niger, subnitidus, caplte thoraceque subti-
lius sat dense punctatis, hoc Iatitudine paulo breviore, postice paulo angustato,
lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis acutis, elytris thorace baud latiori-
bus, seriatim punctatis, interstitiis sat dense subtiliter punctatis. Long. '15 ;
lat. -30.

Sacramento Valley, Mr. Rathvon. The humeri are obtuse, very slightly
rounded.

30. Phryganophilus collar is, elongatus niger, capite dense punctato,
thorace Iatitudine plus sesqui breviore, antice angustato, lateribus valde ro-
tundatis, basi bisinuato, disco utrinque late transversim oblique excavato,
punctulato, rufo, medio nigricante, elytris thorace haud latioribus confertissime
granulato-punctatis, antennis extrorsum paulo incrassatis, articulo 3io 4to
aequali; abdominis articulo ultimo rufo. Long. -33.

Washington Territory, Mr. Gibbs. The palpi and feet are destroyed : it is
perhaps a Phryganophilus, but in the absence of an authentic type of the genus
for comparison, I cannot be certain.

31. Anaspis n i g r i c e p s , elongata, flavo-testacea, subtiliter pubescens,
transversim subtiliter strigoso, capite nigro, ore palpisque flavis, thorace Iatitu-
dine duplo breviore, lateribus rotundatis, subtus fusca, antennis fuscis basi flavis,
pedibus coxisque flavis, tarsis posterioribus fuscis. Long. - 11.

Oregon, Dr. Suckley. Smaller than A. pallescens Mann, and differing in
the color of the head and under surface. No sexual characters observed.

32. Elaphidion procerum, (femina,) picea, tenuiter minus dense brevis-
sime sordide pubescens, thorace Iatitudine breviore, lateribus rotundatis, in et
versus latera insequali, confluenter foveatim punctato, linea dorsali lsevi, sulco
basali profundiore, elytris antice modice, postice subtiliter punctatis ad api-
cem truncatis bispinosis, spina interna longiore, femoribus haud spinosis,
antennis articulo 3io spina interna brevi, spiculoque externo obsoleto, sequen-
tibus spinula externa alteraque interna armatis. Long. 1-50.

Umpqua Valley, Dr. Newberry. Closely resembles the female of E. s i m -
plicic olle Hald. (E. pulverulentum Hald.,) but is mueh larger, with the
sutural spine of the elytra longer than the outer one ; the thorax is less round-
ed, much more coarsely punctured, with the basal groove deeper ; the dorsal
elevation is also linear, there is an anterior oblique discoidal callus each
side, and the sides are quite distinctly impressed : inE. simplicicolle the
discoidal callus is not seen and the sides are hardly impressed.

33. Leptura xanthogaster, elongata, nigra, opaca, capite thoraceque
parce longe flavo-villosis, dense punctatis, hoc convexo, Iatitudine longiore,
campanulato, lateribus subangulatis ante basin paulo angustato, et profunde
transversim sulcato, elytris humeris elevatis, postice sensim paulo angustatis,
punctatis flavis nitidis parce breviter flavo-pubescentibus, macula oblonga sub-
humerali, altera laterali ad medium, trienteque postico nigris, abdomine pedi-
busque flavis, tibiis ad apioein tarsisque anterioribus infuscatis. Long. *43.

Shoalwater Bay, Dr. Cooper. Of the same form and size asL. crassipes
Zee, but it differs by the absence of the subapical round yellow spot of the
elytra, as well as by the yellow abdomen.

34. L. quadrillnm, nigra parum nitida, capite thoraceque confertissime
punctatis, pube brevi erecta minus dense vestitis, hoc valde convexo, lateri-
bus rotundatis, ante basin transversim sulcato, angulis posticis haud produc-
tis ; elytris ad basin thorace tertia parte latioribus, humeris elevatis, a basi an-
gustatis, ad apicem oblique truncatis, angulo externo acuto, sat dense puncta-
tis, parce breviter pubescentibus, guttis tribus ad marginem pallide flavis
ornatis, prima basali, secunda obliqua paulo ante medium, tertia pone medium,
alteraque elongata pone medium subsuturali, ssepe deficiente ornatis. Long.
42.

Shoalwater Bay, Dr. Cooper, Washington Territory, Messrs. Gibbs and Ken-

[Feb.

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 89

nerly. The basal spot of the margin is concealed in a dorsal view by the
prominent shoulders, within which the disc is obliquely impressed. The tho-
rax is nearly as in L. v a g a n s , but the form of the elytra is very different ;
the species belongs in the neighborhood of L. p u b e r a Say. The subsutural
spot forms with the posterior lateral one a transverse band stretching forwards
along the suture : there is sometimes also a scutellar yellow spot.

35. L. lsetifica, nigra opaca, pube erecta nigra brevi parce vestita, capite
thoraceque confertissime punctatis, hoc antrorsum sensim angustato, latitu-
diue baseos vix longiore, lateribus late rotundatis, angulis posticis vix pro-
minulis, disco postice subimpresso, ad basin marginato, elytris thorace latiori-
bus, vix triangularibus, laete coccineis opacis, antice fortiter, postice subtilius
punctatis, gutta quadrata prope suturam ante medium, alteraque versus mar-
ginem ad medium, nonnunquam deficientibus, margineque apicali nigris ; pos-
tice paulo dehiscentibus ad apicem truncatis, angulo externo acuto, suturis
veutralibus rufo-piceis. Long. *43.

Shoalwater Bay, Dr. Cooper; Washington Territory, Mr. Gibbs. The anten-
na} are entirely black, subserrate and slightly thickened towards the tip,
extending to the anterior fourth of the elytra. Tbis species may be placed
between the groups of L. canadensis and L. vagans.

36. Leptura sanguinea, nigra, opaca, pube erecta parce vestita, capite
thoraceque confluenter dense punctatis, hoc ante medium antrorsum sensim
angustato, latitudine paulo longiore, lateribus rotundatis, utrinque vix con-
atricto, angulis posticis vix prominulis, elytris thorace latioribus, triangulari-
bus, lsete rufis, confertim punctatis, postice paulo dehiscentibus, apice oblique
truncatis et nigro-marginatis.. Long. - 4.

W. Territory, Mr. Gibbs. Allied to the preceding, but differs by the thorax
being less narrowed in front, and the elytra much more closely punctured.
The male has the thorax narrower and the outer margin of the elytra blackish.

37. Leptura dehiscens, minus elongata, nigra pube parca fulva erecta
antice vestita, capite thoraceque dense fortiter punctatis, hoc convexo, lateri-
bus valde rotundatis, antice multo angustiore, apice marginato, basi trans ver-
sim impresso, elytris postice subangustatis obscure rubris, confertim puncta-
tis, sutura postice rotundata valde dehiscente, apice haud acuto infuscato.
Long. "5.

Oregon, Dr. Suckley. Allied to L. vagans, but with the punctures
smaller and more dense, the elytra less triangular and not acute at apex : the
antenna? are entirely black.

38. L. lugens, elongata nigra, opaca, capite thoraceque confertissime punc-
tatis, pube brevi erecta parce vestitis, hoc latitudine longiore antrorsum sen-
sim angustato, lateribus late rotundatis, ante basin transversim vix sulcato,
angulis posticis paulo prominulis, elytris thorace latioribus, humeris subeleva-
tis a basi postice paulo angustatis, postice dehiscentibus, et ad suturam rotun-
datis, angulo externo distincto, antice fortiter, postice subtilius punctatis,
antennis corpore paulo brevioribus. Long. "42.

Shoalwater Bay, Dr. Cooper. This species might be placed near L.
nigrella, but the posterior angles of the thorax are hardly visible, the
humeral parts of the elytra are more prominent, the elytra are more dehis-
cent and the sutural angle altogether rounded.

39. Syneta suturalis, fusea, capite thoraceque dense rude punctatis,
hoc lateribus bisiuuatis, ad medium unidentatis, antice posticeque margine
lato pallido ornato, elytris albis, sutura infuscata, seriatim punctatis, anguste
marginatis, costis duabus parum elevatis intermediaque vix distincta, antennis.
ore pedibusque pallide testaceis. Long. -23.

Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson. A very distinct little species, with only a sin-
gle lateral thoracic tooth.

1859.]

90 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

40. Syneta seriata, testacea, capite thoraceque dense fortiter punctatis,
hoc lateribus bisinuatis, medio obtuse lobatis, elytris seriatim punctatis, anguste
marginatis, lineis duabus internis parum distinctis, externa paulo elevata.
Long. -20.

California, Mr. Rathvon. Also quite distinct : there is no conspicuous lateral
tooth.

41. Anoplitis q u adra t a , (Bispa quadrata Fabr.) A specimen from Cali-
fornia, not differing perceptibly from those found in Pennsylvania, was given me
by Mr. Rathvon.

42. Galleruca angularis, supra ochrea, dense pubescens, baud subtiliter
dense punctata, thorace insequali, latitudine fere duplo breviore, antice postice-
que transversim impresso, canaliculato, lateribus obliquis rotundatis, basi sinu-
ata, angulis posticis acutis prominulie, elytris vitta laterali infuscata, guttisque
parvis remotis serie triplici ornatis, subtus nigra, pedibus flavis, antennis fuscis.
Long. -22.

California, Mr. Rathvon. Allied toG. guttulata, but differs by the form
of the thorax and by the black elytral dots being arranged in series.

43. Coccinella 1 a cu s tr i s Lee. Puget Sound, Mr. Davidson.

44. Chilochorus p 1 e u r a 1 i s, hemisphericus, niger, subtiliter punctulatus, ely-
tris macula rubra magna rotundata ante medium signatis, epipleuris ante me-
dium late rufo-marginatis, parapleuris runs. Long. -26.

California, Mr. Rathvon. Larger than C. bivulnerus and C. fratemus,
and differing from both, not only by the red spot being situated before the mid-
dle of the elytron, but by the abdomen being entirely black.

On motion, it was resolved that a committee of five be appointed to
take measures for the formation of a permanent fund for the purposes of
the Academy, and that the plan adopted by them be reported to the
Academy for approval at the next meeting for business.

March 1st.
Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.

Fifty four members present.

Dr. Robert E. Rogers exhibited Richie's modification of the Ruhm-
korff induction apparatus, and the modification of the ordinary electrical
machine, by Prof. Wagner, of Vienna; in the original machine a large
circle of wire carefully insulated is attached to the prime conductor ;
Dr. Rogers replaced this by hollow globes of glass silvered on the inside,
and showed that the power of the machine was thus greatly increased.

On leave granted, the report of the Biological Department of the last
month was read and ordered to be printed.

March 8lh.

Dr. Hays in the Chair.

Thirty-five members present.

A specimen of Lepidosteus bison, taken at Bombay Hook, on the
Delaware River, was presented by Mr. Andrew Vanderslice.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91

March lbth.

Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.

Fifty members present.

The following were presented for publication in the Proceedings :

Notes on Coluber calligaster S ty, and description of new species
of Serpents in the collection of the North-western University of Evans-
ton, 111. By R. Kennicott.

Ichthyological Notices. By Charles Girard, M. D.

And were referred to Committees.

The Proceedings of the Academy for February was laid on the table
by the Committee.

Mr. Foulke announced the death, at Rome, on the 13th alt., of Charles
F. Beck, M. D., late a member of the Academy.

March 22d.
Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.

Forty- four members present.

The following was presented for publication in the Proceedings :

Catalogue of Birds collected on the rivers Camma and Ogobai, West-
ern Africa by Mr. P. Duchaillu, in 1853, with notes and descriptions
of new species. By John Cassin.

And was referred to a Committee.

Dr. Leidy called the attention of the members to the tooth of the Mastodon,
from Tambla, Honduras, presented by Capt. J. M. Dow, this evening. It is a
last superior molar, and presents a greater degree of developement of the inter-
vening accessory lobes of the crown than is usual in the teeth of Mastodon
ohioticus, but it nevertheless mo3t probably belongs to the same species.

Dr. L. then directed attention to the fine collection of teeth and fragments of
jaws of Mosasaurus, from the Green Sand of Monmouth Co., New Jersey, pre-
sented by Mr. J. H. Slack, and other gentlemen through him. The specimens
illustrate, in a striking manner, the mode of development and succession of the
teeth, noticed some time since in the Proceedings, (L857, p. 176). The speci-
mens further exhibit variations in form and size, though obtained from the same
individual. The teeth, with conical crowns and polyhedral sides, are those usu-
ally viewed as characteristic of Mosasaurus. Others had been referred to the
genus Geosaurus ; and such as were much compressed with trenchant borders,
and without planes, were viewed as characteristic of the genus Leiodon.

The large humerus, presented by Mr. M. P. Rue, through Mr. Slack, was not
found in the same marl pit as the Mosasaurus, though in the same formation not
far distant. It bears a strong resemblance in form and size to the correspond-
ing bone of Iladrosaurus, though presenting sufficient anatomical difference to
belong to another genus. It perhaps belongs to Mosasaurus; the bones of the
extremities of this animal yet remaining unknown.

Dr. L. added he was inclined to suspect that all the remains of Mosasaurus
hitherto discovered in America belonged to one species, at least there appears
insufficient evidence to separate them. Perhaps, however, the remains of the
Mosasaurus, discovered in the green sand of the western portion of the conti-
nent, may indicate a different species from those obtained from the eastern por-
tion.

1859.]

92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

Synonymy of the American Mosasaurus,

1. From the Eastekn portion of the Continent.

Saurian, resembling the reptile of Maestricht. Mitchell : Obs. Geol. N. Am.
1818, 384, pi. viii. fig. 4.

dfosasaurus. Dekay : Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 1828 36, iii. 135. Morton:
Am. Jour. Sci. 1830, xviii. 246; Syn. Org. Rem. 1834, 27. Harlan: Trans.
Geol. Soc. 1835, 81; Med. Phys. Res. 1835, 285. Emmons: N. Car. Geol.
Surv. 1858, 217.

Geosaurus Mitchelli. Dekay: Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. 1828 36, iii. 138. Har-
lan : Trans. Geol. Soc. 1835, 82 ; Med. Phys. Res. 1835, 285 ; Edinb. Phil. Jour-
1834, xviii. 32. Pictet : Palaeont. 1853, i. 506.

Geosaurus. Morton: Am. Jour. Sci. 1830, xviii. 246, Syn. Org. Rem. 1834,
23.

Saurian reptile, or 3Iaestricht monitor. Harlan : Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1825,
235 ; Trans. Geol. Soc. 1835, 81 ; Med. Phys. Res. 285, 384.

Mosasaurus Dekayi. Bronn : Leth. Geog. 1838, ii. 760. Gibbes : Smiths.
Contrib. 1858, 8. Pictet: Palaeont. 1853, i. 505.

Mosasaurus occidentalis. Morton : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1844, 133.

3Iosasaurus Camperi or M. Hofmani. In part of Pictet: Palaeont. 1845,
ii. 64.

Atlanlochelys Mortoni. Agassiz : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1849, 169.

Mosasaurus minor ; M. Couperi ; and M. carolinensis. Gibbes : Smiths. Con-
trib. 1850.

Mosasaurus Maximiliani. Pictet, in part: Palaeont. 1853, i. 505. Emmons:
N. Car. Geol. Surv. 1858, 217.

3Iosasaurus Mitchelli. The name which according to usage should be adopted.
if the eastern is a distinct species from the western one.

2. From the Western portion of the Continent.

Ichthyosaurus missouriensis. Harlan : Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1834, 405 ; Tr.
Geol. Soc. 1835, 80; Med. Phys. Res. 1835, 284, 344.

Batrachiosaurus. Harlan: Lond. Edinb. Phil. Mag. 1839, xiv. 302.
Balrachotherium. Harlan : Bui. Soc. Geol. 1839, x. 90.
Batrachiosaurus missouriensis. Von Meyer : Jahrb. Min 1845,313.

Mosasaurus Neovidii. Von Meyer: Jahrb. Min. 1845, 312. Pictet: Palaeont.
1853, i. 505.

Mosasaurus Maximiliani. Goldfuss: Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. Nat. Cur. 1845,
xxi. 179 ; Jahrb. Min 1847, 122. In part of Pictet: Palaeont. 1853, i. 505.

Mosasaurus missouriensis. Leidy : Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1857, 90. This name,
according to usage, is the one to be adopted for the western species, if distinct
from the eastern one.

Dr. Bridges announced the decease, at Charleston, S. C, on the 16th
inst., of Dr. Thos. D. Mutter, late a member of the Academy. Dr.
Mutter was elected in 1883, and at one time held the office of Record-
ing Secretary of the Academy.

On leave granted, a vote of thanks was tendered to Mr. M. P. Rue,
of Pcrrinesville, N. Jersey, for the valuable donation of fossils pre-
sented by him this evening.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93

March 29th.

Mr. Lea ; President, in the Chair.

Fifty members present.

The Report of the Proceedings of the Biological Department for the
present month was read.

The paper read before the Biological Department, entitled " On Sup-
puration in Cancerous Growths, by J. J. Woodward, M. D./' was re-
commended for publication in a Medical Journal.

On report of the respective Committees the following were ordered to
be printed in the Proceedings :

Observations on the Species of Nicotiana.

BY JOHN LE CONTE.

'' Planta beata, deeus terrarum, munus Olympi,
Dissipat ignavum cerebio veternum,
Ingenium illustrat, si quando aut multa tenebraa
Colligit ingluvies cerebro, aut molimine longo
Iutellectus biat, reruin neque coneipit umbras,
Conceptasve tenet, vel caeca oblivia regnant,
Ut semel irrepit blando lux indita fomo,
Aufugiunt nubes atrse, curaeque tenaces,
Vis micat mventrix, dato velut obice veli
Tota oculis animi patet. ampli macbiua mundi.

Tappius Oral, de Tahnco

Among the extraordinary usages and customs which have been adopted by
man, and which have become nearly universal, none is more so than the use of
tobacco. That a plant, the first taste of which is so extremely nauseous, and
the effects produced by it so highly disagreeable, should become over the whole
habitable world an indispensable article of enjoyment, may well strike us with
wonder. Other plants for their exciting or intoxicating properties have always
been in use; for instance, the poppy, hemp and the Amanita muscaria but to-
bacco never produced these effecs ; rather the contrary, it soothes and indeed
stupifies, when not taken in excess. When a sufficient quantity is taken to act
with its full power on the animal economy, the feelings produced are most un-
qualifiedly disagreeable and annoying, nausea, vertigo, cold perspirations, pal-
pitation of the heart, and a sensation which must be very much like the
approach of death. Other narcotics, as opium and the extract of hemp, produce
nothing but the most pleasing emotions. What then has induced man to adopt
the use of this plant so opposite in its qualities ? The answer is contained in the
verses placed at the head of this paper, for the effects there described are truly
what arise from the temperate use of tobacco. Whether the use of any species
of this plant, or of others having similar properties, was known to the ancients,
is a question hard to be resolved. All that I can collect on tbis subject follows :
Herodotus (Klio, 202) says of the Skythi, that " they take the berries of a cer-
tain tree, kindle afire, and assemble around it in parties, and then throw these
berries on the fire, inhale the smoke, and intoxicate themselves with the smell,
in the same manner the Greeks do with wine; the more fruit they throw on, the
more intoxicated they get, until they rise up to dance and proceed to sing."
He says they likewise purify themselves after a funeral in the following man-
ner. "They make a close tent of felt blankets, with a vase filled with red hot
stones placed in it. Then taking some hemp seed, creep in under the blankets
and scatter it on the red hot stones, and produce such a vapor as no Grecian
stove can. Delighted with the effect produced, they utter loud bowlings ; this
stands them instead of a bath, for they never by any chance wash their bodies
in water." In this respect they resemble our American Indians, and must have

1859.]

94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

been as filthy in their habits. The women it appears removed the smell of the
dirt, with which they were habitually covered, by the application of a per-
fumed paste. Solinus, cap. x. \ 5, informs us that the Thrakes occasion a kind of
ebrious excitement by burning the seeds of plants which they possess, and in-
haling the smoke. Pomponius Mela, lib. n. cap. n. \ 35, has very nearly the
same words. Strabo, however, lib. vn. alluding to a similar custom, calls those
who make use of this method of excitement Ka.7rvop'na.t or livers in smoke, or
more properly as appears from other copies of his work, KsmttowcIt*/ smoke
walkers. The first three authors allude to the use of hemp ; whether they did
not put the dried leaves of this plant into pipes, as Strabo's men from the name
he gives them probably did, we cannot now determine. It is certain that pipes
have been found buried at great depths in the earth, where they could not have
been placed within four hundred years. Dioscorides, in his treatise on materia
medica, lib. in. cap. 126, says, that the dried leaves of Tusselago farfara, set on
fire and the smoke drawn through a tube (infundibulum) and received into the
mouth, will cure those who are suffering under a dry cough or orthopnoea. Caius
Plinius, lib. xxvi. cap 16, recommends the same, and in the preceding chapter
15, the Hyoscyamus niger. Here are instances of smoking the leaves of plants,
from tubes or pipes.

Tt is generally believed that tobacco was not known in Europe previously to
the discovery of America. Yet one of the species known, and commonly culti-
vated in Europe and Asia, is never seen in this country except as a curiosity in
botanic gardens. America was discovered in 1492. If the use of this herb
was not known out of our country before this date, it is certainly inconceivable
that in a few years after the time of Columbus, a little more than one hundred,
the smoking, chewing and snufhng of tobacco should have spread through the
habitable world, extended to the remotest districts of Africa, to India and to
China, where nations are so averse to introduce any innovation in their customs.
But when we come to consider that there is one species peculiar to Europe and
Asia, another to Africa, and a third to America, I do not think that it will be
difficult to suppose that it may have been in use in the remotest ages. Here
follows all that I have been able to collect on this subject. None of the older
travellers in thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, as Marco Polo, Pego-
letto and Clavigo, in 1403, and the Portuguese voyagers, Vasco de Gama,
Alvarez, Cabral and Pacheco, about 1500, mention having seen it used ; Postel,
Belon and Burbeck, Caspar Balby, John Newberry a.id Rauwolf, about a hun-
dred years after, are equally silent with "regard to the custom. Keeling is the
first traveller whom I can find observing its use, this was in 1507. Ksempfer in
1560, and Isbrand Ides in 1692, say that its use was universal in China, both
among men and women. In the year 1607, according to the observations of
Mr. Fitch in his voyaye to Sierra Leone, the negroes there cultivated tobacco,
which he says appears to be half their food. According to Bosman in 1700,
all the inland negroes used to cultivate tobacco, and from the description which
he gives of the leaf, it appears to have been the same species as that formerly
cultivated by the Spaniards in Cuba and South America.

Tobacco was first imported into France from Brazil, by Andrew Thevet, his-
torian and Cosmographer to the king, in 1558. He says in his work, " France
Antarctique," that the natives carefully gather the herb and dry it in the shade
of their little cabins. The manner of using it is this ; after drying it, they
wrap a quantity of the herb in a very large palm leaf, and roll it to the size of
a candle, then putting fire to one end receive the smoke of it by the nose and
mouth. It is pretended that Raleigh introduced it into England in 1584, but
this is not true. To John Nicot belongs the credit of having first actually in-
troduced the use of it into France. It appears that he obtained the seed of
it in Portugal, whither it was said to have been brought from Florida. John
Nicot was an ambassador from France to the Portuguese court, during the
reign of Charles the Ninth. ^Vhen he sent the seed of this plant to France, he

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95

accompanied it with a small box of snuff, in the use of which Queen Catharine
de Medici took such pleasure, that it soon became popular and fashionable.
Thus much for its early history.

Tobacco, at all times, has had its detractors and its defenders ; theologians
and physicians have striven to eradicate its use, or to defend it as a perfectly
harmless ingredient, in the pleasant employment of time. The number of pub-
lications for and against it has been truly enormous, but those who take the
contrary part have been more distinguished by their extraordinary exaggera-
tions and barefaced falsehoods, than by any just reasoning on the subject. It
would be out of place here, to more than allude to the literary compositions
of this nature, particularly those of an early date, at the head of which stands
the Misocapnus of James the First, of England. Modern writers, even of our
own times, are not wanting, who have not hesitated to invent the most flagrant
falsehoods about the use of a substance, which, at the worst, involved only a
small loss of time and of money. One has said that the decline of certain na-
tions, the Chinese and Turks, must be attributed to the U3e of this plant. Others
(calling themselves Doctors in Medicine,) have attributed almost every disease
that afflicts humanity to this propensity. The great mortality attending Asiatic
cholera has been ascribed to it. The enemies of alcohol, of tea and of coffee,
all combine in a warfare against tobacco. They invent the most ridiculous
stories to bring these articles into disrepute. Some have had the folly to say
that leeches have been instantly killed when applied to those who used tobacco,
and that bugs and fleas would not bite such persons. One Dr. Long, of New
Hampshire, states that he was consulted by a Mrs. F., "on account of her
daughter, who had a small ring-worm at the tip of her nose ; she wished to
apply tobacco to it." The Doctor objected, and related to her a story, probably
of his own extemporary fabrication, of a father "who had destroyed his little son
by the application of tobacco spittle to an eruption on his head." The good
woman did not believe the doctor, and when he was gone besmeared the tip of
her finger with some of the juice from the grandmother's pipe, and applied it to
the ring-worm ; the instant the mother's finger touched the part affected, " the
eyes of the little girl rolled up in their sockets, she sallied back, and was pre-
vented from falling by the alarmed mother." The child was then attacked by
trismus and deep insensibility ; she was, however, restored by the application
of ammonia and lavender. " Till this time," says the Doctor, " the child had been
robust and healthy, never having had but one illness that required medical ad-
vice, but since the tobacco experiment, has been continually feeble and sickly.
The first four or five years after this terrible operation, she was subject to faint-
ing fits every three or four weeks, lasting from twelve to twenty-four hours.
Within the last three or four years these turns have been less severe."

In the first years of the introduction of tobacco into general use, laws were
passed against it, chiefly, I presume, because it was looked upon as possessing
intoxicating properties. Amurath, the IV., Sultan of Turkey, finding it impos-
sible, himself, to learn to smoke, issued a violent decree against its use. Those
convicted of being snuff-takers or smokers, were condemned to receive fifty
blows of a cane on the soles of their feet, and on a repetition of the offence, to
lose their noses. The same punishments for using tobacco were inflicted by
Michael Federowich, in Russia, which law was in force until the accession of
Peter the Great. Tavernier relates that, Sefi, king of Persia, punished those
who were caught smoking by pouring melted lead into their mouths until they
were dead. Chardin tells us the following anecdote of King Abbas, the grand-
father of Sefi : Having tried without success to prevent the use of tobacco,
the smoke of which was offensive to him, and in order to punish his courtiers
who used it, at the end of a sumptuous banquet which he had given them,
he offered them pipes filled with dry horse dung instead of tobacco. From time
to time his majesty asked them how they liked the tobacco ; they all declared
that nothing could be more delicious ; it possessed the perfume of a thousand

1859.]

06 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

flowers. The king looking at them with indignation, exclaimed, Cursed be the
drug which cannot be distinguished from horse dung.

The fanatics who first colonized New England, and who wished to make mere
animated statues of their fellow creatures, could not resist the opportunity of
putting a restraint upon this innocent enjoyment. They therefore ordered " that
no man shall take any tobacco publicly in the street, highway, or in any barn-
yards, or upon training days, or in any open places," under the penalty of six-
pence for each offence. I might fill pages with similar relations, and with
accounts of attacks made upon this favorite weed, but I forbear.

I have used tobacco for more than sixty years without perceiving any ill effects
produced by it. I was once induced to abandon it for about six months, but
this disuse brought on numerous and painful ulcers of the tongue, which promptly
vanished on resuming its use.

I have never observed it to have any exciting effects on the body or mind, but
on the contrary, its action appears to be entirely soothing and sedative. Let a
person overwhelmed with fatigue of body and mind set himself down in an easy
posture, light his segar or pipe, and cease to think ; by the time his fumale is
burnt out, he will find himself entirely relieved from his fatigue, with mind re-
freshed, and body strengthened. Drs. Pereira and Christison, say they have
never known any well ascertained ill effects having been produced by the ha-
bitual practice of smoking.

The great variety of tobacco met with in commerce, differing in color, in fla-
vor, and in strength, does not depend upon a difference in species or variety, but
almost entirely on the soil in which it has grown, in the method of curing it,
and the adulterations which it undergoes in passing through the hands of unscru-
pulous dealers. Thus manured land never produces the plant of the first qua-
lity ; for this purpose, a virgin soil, very rich and strong, with but little calca-
reous matter is required. This, however, will not endure for a longer space
than six years : it gradually deteriorates, until at last it is entirely worn out,
and cannot be brought back to its original state by the application of manure.
This always renders it disagreeably strong, and highly impregnated with nitre.
Calcareous soils produce these same effects, and thus the tobacco of our West-
ern States is inferior to the Virginian, and may easily be known by a saline
taste. If tobacco be cured without the use of artificial heat, its fine flavor is
better preserved, and its color more uniform. Again, if dried with little ex-
posure to the air, it becomes of a bright yellow color. The best tobacco for
smoking comes to us from the tropics, possessed of a peculiar flavor and per-
fume ; this was once the case with all the segars brought from Cuba. At present,
those that are introduced into the United States from that island are adulte-
rated with tobacco of an inferior kind ; they are not at all like those brought
fifty years ago. Either the plant has deteriorated by mixing with other species,
or is so adulterated by a mixture with the common tobacco of our country, that
the true flavor is entirely lost. Vessels loaded with tobacco, the produce of our
own soil, are constantly leaving our shores for the port of Havanna. Besides,
large quantities of an inferior quality produced from imported seed are now
sent from New England, and either used there or brought back and sold here
as genuine Havanna. The last good tobacco that I have smoked was made by
myself in Georgia, about thirty years ago. This possessed the delightful per-
fume peculiar to the best raised within the tropics ; it was at the same time
very mild and burnt freely. There is, however, much imagination in the judg-
ment which we form of tobacco.

I might here point out the method by which deleterious substances are mixed
with tobacco, and how the leaves of various other plants are substituted for it.
Some of the most extensively used manufactured tobacco has poisonous drugs
mixed with it, which increase its action on the system, particularly on the brain,
in such a degree as to become really dangerous. Those persons, therefore, who
use it for a masticatory, would do well to employ no other than the pure leaves

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NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 97

as they are brought from Virginia. Almost all the pressed tobacco is defiled
with liquorice or molasses, which substances conceal the bad taste of the infe-
rior qualities. The method by which the flavor of our plant is imparted to
plants which have none of their own is as follows : A quantity of the refuse
tobacco is boiled in wine, or more frequently in human urine, until a strong fluid
extract is obtained ; to this some salt is added. It is then poured upon the
dried leaves of other plants, such as rhubarb, burdock, sunflower, cabbage, or
broad-leaved dock, which, after remaining in the fluid a sufficient time to ab-
sorb as much of it as they can contain, are hung up to dry and then made into
Havanna segars. Cut tobacco, likewise intended for smoking, is mixed with
the leaves of stramonium and foxglove and with opium. There is, however,
no end to the dishonesties practised by tobacco manufacturers.

I now proceed to describe the plant as it has come under my observation,
premising that I do not believe that the species here noted are any where to be
found in a perfectly wild or native state. Mr. Lehman, the last authority on
this subject, enumerates twenty-one species. I have seen but four, and one of
these looks very much like some other genus. I allude to N. quadrivalvis. The
other species of Nicotiana have but two valves in the capsules. The three
remaining species, I know from experience, mutually mix together. I omit a de-
scription of the genus.

Nicotiana tabacum. Annual, viscid, branching. Leaves oblong lanceolate,
broad, acuminate, most entire, for the most part strictly sessile, at the base
more or less decurrent, subamplexicaul. Flowers paniculately corymbose,
terminal, with linear lanceolate bractes. Calyx oblong, five-cleft, the divisions
lanceolate acute. Corolla infundibuliform, much longer than the calyx, the
tube viscid, greenish, the limb pale rosy, spreading, the lobes ovate acute,
capsule a little longer than the calyx, stigma transversely sulcate on the top.

This is the common tobacco of commerce, called by different names, Vir-
ginian, Kentucky, Nagadoches, &c. It is not agreeable to smoke, unless weak-
ened by washing in water. It is the only kind fit for chewing. Too much care
cannot be taken in the operation of curing it, and much of its goodness depends
upon the manner in which it has been dried and fermented. The Indians in
this country are in the habit of mixing it with the leaves of Rhus glabrum and
Laurus Borbonia, or the scraped bark of Cornus sanguinea, all of which improve
its taste in a remarkable degree.

N. fruticosa. Perennial, pubescent, viscid, branching. Leaves lanceolate,
acuminate, most entire, sometimes very shortly petiolate, most generally sessile,
the lower ones amplexicaul. The inflorescnce the same as of the preceding,
stigma subbilobate.

This is the far-famed tobacco of the Island of Cuba and of all the tropical
parts of America. I have been told that it is the species cultivated in the in-
terior of Africa. It is probably indigenous to that portion of the globe. An
African, from a region in that country far distant from the sea, who was well
acquainted with the cultivation of the plant in his own country as well as in
this, told me when he first saw this species growiug in Georgia, that it was the
kind which grew in his country. He could not well be mistaken, for the leaves
of N. tabacum are very wide, whilst on the contrary of the N. fruticosa they are
rather narrow. It is from this species that the so-called Havanna segars ought
to be made. But it seems to me that very little of it enters into the composition
of what we now receive from Cuba.

N. rustica. Annual, villous, viscid, branching. Leaves petiolate, ovate or
roundish obtuse most entire, sometimes more or less cordate, divisions of the
calyx short, ovate or roundish. Corolla greenish yellow. Stigma entire.

From this species, which is nearly as agreeable for smoking as the last, are
produced the varieties called Turkish, Chinese, East Indian, Shirazian and
Latakia tobacco. It is said to have been imported from America into England

1859.]

98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

in the year 1578, and yet has never been seen here except cultivated as a curi-
osity in gardens, the seed being always brought from China. It must be con-
sidered as a species confined originally to the older continents and not known
on this side of the Atlantic, until after the discoveries of Columbus and others.
I think that I have seen it growing in a quasi indigenous state on the road sides
in Europe. No tobacco has ever been seen growing without cultivation in
the United States. This circumstance taking place with most of our cultivated
vegetables is a certain proof of their having been imported from some other
country.

As has been observed before, these three species will mix together in every
possible degree, hence the great number of species which appear in our books.
If we take the trouble to analyse these, it can easily be perceived. that they
have been produced by hybrid intermixtures, unless fertile hybrids are to be
considered as valid species. All those which resemble the JY. tabaci/m, but
with narrower leaves than common, or in any degree possessed of the peculiar
characteristics of the iV. fruticosa, have been produced by the mixture with this
species, and all those with leaves more or less petiolate, whether lanceolate or
ovate, as formed by a combination of TV. tabacum, iV. fruticosa and iV. rustica.
It is remarkable what strange appearances these will put on ; every possible
variation of the principal forms and every gradation of position will be found,
all, however, easily reducible to the three original types.

Notes on COLTJBEE CALLIGASTER of Say, and a description of new species of
Serpents in the collection of the North Western University of Evanston, 111. *

BY R. KENNICOTT.

Eut^enia Sackenii Kennicott.

Sp. ch. Very slender ; tail forming one third of the total length. Crown
more elevated and convex anteriorly than in E. saurita. Nineteen dorsal rows
of scales. Color olive black above, not lighter below the lateral stripe. La-
teral stripe greenish yellow, very narrow on the third and fourth lateral rows.
No dorsal stripe. Abdomen uniform greenish.

In form, this closely resembles E. saurita, but is at once distinguished by the
absence of the dorsal stripe, of which there is no trace, except for about a half
inch behind the head. The color of the upper parts is also much darker, and
the first two rows of scales below the dorsal stripe are not lighter than above
it. Florida. Baron Osten Sacken.

SCOTOPHIS CALLIGASTER.

Coluber calligaster Say, in Long's Exped.

Sp. ch. Head very narrow, elongated, much wider behind ; nose very
obtuse, the whole outline subquadrangular ; much elevated anteriorly, as
high as wide before the eyes, flattened and rather depressed on the occiput.
Eye large. Vertical plate narrow, much longer than wide, tapering but little
behind. Superciliaries very narrow. Postfrontals and loral large. Twenty-
seven dorsal rows of scales, only the central carinated, and these very faintly.
Ground color olivaceous white ; a dorsal series of transverse brown blotches
separated by narrower intervals than in S. Emoryi, b. & G., with two smaller
series on each side. Temporal light stripe, narrower than in S. Emoryi. A
brown blotch under the eye, and another on the second and third upper labials.
Labials not margined with black.

This is very closely allied to S. Emoryi, from which it differs in having the
head narrower posteriorly, with a more obtuse snout, smaller vertical, narrower

* Specimens of these species are also in the Museum of the Smithsonian In-
stitution, Washington.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99

superciliaries, larger loral, narrower intervals between the dorsal blotches,
which are themselves less rounded, narrower light temporal stripe, etc. From
S. gitttatus, it may be readily distinguished by the color, transverse dorsal
blotches, etc. ; and from the other species of the genus it differs in much the
same points with S. Emoryi. There can be no hesitation in referring this spe-
cies to the Coluber calligaster of Say. The very faint carinations of the central
dorsal scales might easily be overlooked. Like S. Emoryi, it bears a strong
general resemblance to Ophibolus eximius, to which species Say's description has
been referred by Dr. Holbrook, and others ; but from this and 0. Evansii, it may
at once be distinguished by the large eye, elongated head, divided postabdo-
minal scutella, carinated scales, and other generic characters.
Hyatt, Anderson Co., Kansas, Mr. Samuel Amy.

Ophibolus Evansii Kennicott.
Ophibolus Evansii Kennicott, Rep. of Mex. Boundary Survey.

Sp. ch. Light olivaceous brown or gray, with a dorsal series of about sixty
subquadrangular emarginate dark chestnut brown blotches from head to tip of
tail, and two smaller lateral series on each side. Dorsal scales in twenty-five
rows.

This is most nearly allied to 0. eximius, but differs strikingly in the number
of dorsal rows of scales, twenty-five instead of twenty-one ; also in having a
more elongated, narrow and elevated head, narrower snout, anterior and pos-
terior emarginations in the dorsal blotches, etc.

Prairies of Central Illinois, S. H. Roots, C. Mills, S. W. Arnold.

The species is dedicated to Prof. J. Evans, to whose interest in the investi-
gation of the zoology of the north west, the N. W. University is principally in-
debted for the large collections of animals made under its auspices.

Diadophis Arnyi Kennicott.

Sp. ch. Form slender, though less so than in D. docilis. Body above uni-
form leaden black, the crown scarcely darker ; abdomen yellow, thickly and
irregularly spotted with black, the spots more numerous than in D. docilis, and
extending to some distance behind the anus ; head beneath thickly mottled
with black spots of much smaller size than those on the abdomen. A narrow
light yellow occipital ring, one to one and a half scales wide. Dorsal scales
in seventeen rows.

Resembles D. docilis, from which it will be distinguished by the color, shorter
body, narrower head, spots under the tail, and narrower occipital ring; from
D. rcgalis by its occipital ring, and from the other species by the number of
dorsal rows.

Hyatt, Anderson Co., Kansas. Samuel Amy.

Virginia elegans Kennicott.

Sp. ch. Resembles V. valerice; vertical and occipital plates narrower. Dorsal
scales very narrow and elongated, much more so than in V. valerice, disposed
in IT rows. Color uniform light olivaceous brown above ; dull yellowish-white
beneath.

Readily distinguished from the nearly allied V. valerice by the narrower dor-
sal scales in 17 rows instead of 15 as in that species.

Heavily timbered regions of southern Illinois. Dr. Hugh McVean, J. "W.
Waugh.

Celuta vebmis Kennicott.

Sp. ch. Larger than 0. amcena and C. Helence. Two pairs of frontal plates.
Color above lustrous purplish black, much darker than in C. amcena. Abdomen
pale yellowish flesh color, (probably brighter in life); this color extending to
the third lateral row of dorsal scales.

Though possessing the general form of C. amcena, this differs strikingly in the

1859.]

100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

larger size, darker color of the upper parts, and the extension of the flesh color
of the abdomen over to the third lateral row of scales ; in C. amcena this color
extends only to the second row.
Missouri, Dr. P. R. Hoy

Celuta Helena Kennicott.

Sj). ch. Snout shorter and narrower than in C. amcena. A single pair of
frontal plates. Color above lustrous chestnut brown ; beneath pale yellowish,
(flesh color in life) color of the abdomen extending to second lateral row of
dorsal scales.

Readily distinguishable by the suppression of the anterior frontals.

Monticello, Miss., Miss Helen Teunison ; Southern niinois (abundant in the
woods), Dr. H. McVean, Robt. Gow, C. Thomas, L. W. Ashley.

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTICES.
BY CHARLES GIRARD, M. D.

XXVIII. The genus Hadropterus is represented in the waters of the Potomac
River by a species, the average size of which is three inches in total length. Its
body is subfusiform, compressed, thickest anteriorly and tapering gradually to-
wards the peduncle of the tail, which is slightly contracted. The head enters four
times and a half in the total length. The posterior extremity of the maxillar bone
corresponds to a vertical line intersecting the anterior rim of the orbit. The eye
is subcircular and well developed ; its diameter entering about four times in the
length of the side of the head; once in advance of its anterior rim. The first
dorsal fin is lower and much longer than the second, to which it is contiguous.
The posterior margin of the caudal fin is subcrescentic. The anal fin is situated
exactly opposite the second dorsal and corresponds to it in extent, but differs
from it by its external margin, which is more convex, giving the entire fin a
more ovate outline. The ventrals and the pectorals are moderate sized, the
former being sublanceolar, the latter subelliptical in their outline. The rays
are : D xiv ; 14 ; A 11, 10 ; C 6, 1, 8, 8, 1, 5; V I, 5 ; P 14. The scales are
small, longer than deep and very finely pectinated upon their posterior margin.
The lateral line constitutes the eighth row of scales, counted from the first dor-
sal fin. The ground color is yellowish brown ; the dorsal region being macula-
ted with chestnut brown ; whilst a series of rather large, rounded, blackish
blotches occupy the middle of the flanks ; a black vertical streak intersects the
orbit. The second dorsal and the caudal fins are transversely barred with
blackish. The other fins are unicolor, except the first dorsal, which exhibits
small black spots close to the rays, below the middle of their height, more con-
spicuous anteriorly than posteriorly.

The species here referred to we will record under the name of H. maculatus ;
the specimens examined were caught in an eastern tributary of the Potomac
River, in Anne Arundel Co. Md.

XXIX. Another species of Hadroptervs was collected in the Arkansas River,
near Fort Smith, by Dr. George G. Shumard. We propose to call it //. shumardi.
It will always be easy to distinguish it from its congeners by the great devel-
opement of the anal fin, which is much larger than the secoud dorsal and pro-
jects much further back. The body is elongated, rather slender, although taper-
ing but little backwards ; its entire length is about two inches and a quarter, in
which the head enters four times and a half. The first dorsal fin is longer than
the second and nearly as high. I) xi ; 13 ; A n, 11 ; C 6, 1, 8, 7, 1, 5 ; V i, 5 ;
p 12. The scales are rather small. The color is somewhat altered by the
preserving fluid : an olivaceous tint appears to have existed over the dorsal re-
gion with darker spots or dots, whilst the abdominal region is rather whitish.
The caudal fin exhibits transverse dark lines, and the first dorsal a black spot
at its posterior portion; a dark vertical streak intersects also the orbit.

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NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 101

XXX. A representative of the Etheostomid family was procured by the TJ. S.
and Mexican Boundary Commission, at the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte
(Rio Bravo). It constitutes a new generic type, allied to Cato7iotus, and to
which we have applied the name of Alvarius, with the following characters :
Head elongated and tapering ; mouth terminal, large, not protractile, lower
jaw longer than the upper. Teeth very minute, opercular apparatus, cheeks,
and throat scaly. First dorsal fin nearly equal in height to the second, from
which it is quite distinct. Anal fin much smaller than the second dorsal ;
caudal fin truncated. Five soft rays to the ventrals. Ventral scales uniform.

As to the species, its body is slender and elongated, the head being subcorn-
eal and tapering forwards. The latter enters four times and a half in the total
length. The eye is subelliptical ; its horizontal diameter entering about four
times in the length of the side of the head ; once in advance of its anterior
rim. The posterior extremity of the maxillar bone corresponds to a vertical
line drawn in advance of the pupil. The first dorsal fin is subtriangular in its
outline ; its base is nearly equal to that of the second dorsal, from which it is-
separated by a small space. The anterior margin of the anal is situated some-
what behind the origin of the second dorsal ; both fins terminating evenly. The
ventrals and the pectorals are rather slender. D vi ; 10; A 8 ; C 5, 1, 6, 6, 1, 6;
V 5 ; P 14. The scales are very small, finely pectinated posteriorly ; the lateral
line being median. The ground color is light yellowish brown ; the dorsal
region being occasionally maculated, and the middle of the flanks provided
with a narrow blackish streak which extends along the sides of the head to the
apex of the snout. This lateral streak has suggested the appellation of A.
lateralis, which we have bestowed upon this species. The fins are unicolor,
except the caudal, which is transversally barred, and the first dorsal which ex-
hibits a black spot at its upper and posterior edge. The largest specimens ex-
amined measure somewhat less than two inches in total length.

XXXI. A mere glimpse at the " Ichthyologia ohiensis" is sufficient to convince
every impartial writer, that Etheostoma blennioides was never intended to typify
the genus Etheostoma.* The latter is subdivided into two subgenera : Aplesion,
in which the spinous and the soft portions of the dorsal fin are combined ; and
Diplesion, in which the same parts are distinctly separated. Now, E. blennioides
falls immediately under the head of Diplesion.

Another species of the genus Diplesion inhabits the waters of Chihuahua
river. Specimens of it were collected by Mr. John Potts, of Chihuahua, and
sent to the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. We call it D. fasciatus.

It has the same general blennioid aspect as its congener: the total length of
the specimens observed, measuring about two inches and a quarter, the head
entering in it four times and a half. The eye is of medium size, subcircular ;
its diameter being contained four times in the length of the side of the head.
The first dorsal fin is lower and longer than the second, to which it is con-
tiguous. The anal is well developed, rather deeper than the second dorsal, but
shorter upon its base. The caudal fin is subtruncated. The ventrals and
the pectorals are of moderate development ; their tips being nearly even. The
rays are ; D x ; 12 ; A i, 8 ; 6,1,6,6,1,6; V i, 5 ; P 11. The scales are
small, deeper than long, posteriorly rounded off and minutely pectinated, whilst
their anterior margin is truncated, exhibiting numerous radiating furrows upon
the latter section only. Their imbrication takes place after the fashion of the
sciaenoids: instead of longitudinal series, they constitute transverse, oblique
series. As to the coloration it is but imperfectly preserved. Transverse bands of
deep chestnut brown alternate with white or yellowish ones. These bands, or
fascia?, are better defined below the lateral line than above it, where they are
sometimes interrupted. The head is brown, with a vertical black streak across

* Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts. Second series, xvii. 1854, 305.
1859.] 8

102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

the orbits. The fins are yellowish, unicolor, except the first dorsal, which is
margined with black. During life we imagine this fish to be one of the prettiest
inhabitants of the fresh waters of this continent.

XXXII. To such species of the genus Utheostoma, in which the two dorsal
fins are united, Rafinesque proposes to apply the name of Aplesion, as alluded to
above. A species of the latter genus was collected with the preceding one by
Mr. John Potts, in Chihuahua river and tributaries. Its body is rather short
and deep, proportionally deeper than in the other genera of the family. The
dorsal region is regularly convex from the occiput to the peduncle of the tail.
The caudal fin is rounded off and fan-shaped. The spinous portion of the
dorsal fin is nearly of the same height as the soft portion, but much longer and
superiorly convex. The anal fin is smaller than the second dorsal. The ven-
trals are sublanceolated and the pectorals subelliptical in shape, rather small
or moderate in development, the tip of the ventrals projecting somewhat fureher
back than that of the pectorals, although not reaching the vent. The formula
of the fins is as follows : D x, 1, 10 ; A n, 7 : C 4, 1, 6, 6, 1, 3 ; V i, 5 ; P 1 1.
The head, which forms about the fourth of the total length, is rounded upon
the snout ; the jaws being nearly equal, the gape of the mouth somewhat
oblique, the posterior extremity of the maxillar bone extending to a vertical
line which would intersect the pupil. The eye is circular ; its diameter enter-
ing four times in the length of the side of the head, less than once in advance
of its anterior rim. The opercular apparatus, cheeks and throat are bare. The
scales are of moderate development deeper than long, very finely pectinated
posteriorly, where rounded off, and provided with radiating furrows upon their
anterior section. The color is of a uniform olivaceous brown tint, the dorsal
fin rather darker than the rest. We propose to call this species Aplesion potsii,
in remembrance of our esteemed friend from Chihuahua.

XXXIII. A species of Oligocephalus, closely allied to 0. lepidus was collected
in Devil's river, Texas, by John H. Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham. It maybe
distinguished from its congener just alluded to by a much larger anterior dorsal.
The latter is nearly as high as the second dorsal and somewhat longer upon its
base. The body is rather short and quite compressed ; about two inches in
total length, in which the head enters four times and a half. The tips of the
ventrals are nearly even with those of the pectorals. The rays of the fins are :
D ix ; 13 ; A n, 8 ; C 4, 1, 7, 6, 1, 3 ; V i, 5 ; P 12. The scales are propor-
tionally well developed ; the nape is bare. The groundcolor is yellowish brown,
with blackish brown blotches more distinct along the dorsal line than on the
flanks. The second dorsal and caudal are transversely barred. The species
we will record under the name of Oligocephalus grahami.

XXXIV. Another species still, of the same genus Oligocephalus ,was collected
in the Rio Leona, Texas, by the same party that secured the preceding one.
We will designate it under the appellation of 0. leonensis. It is a more slender
fish than either 0. lepidus or 0. grahami, although not quite so elongated as 0.
linslii. The largest specimens observed measure about two inches in total length,
in which the head enters four times and a half. The anterior dorsal fin is
longer but somewhat lower than the second dorsal, and superiorly convex. The
anal is well developed. The ventrals are small and spear-shaped, as well as
the pectorals when in a semi-closed condition. The tips of the latter extend
beyond those of the former, although very far from reaching the vent. The
formula of the fins is as follows : D ix ; 10 ; A n, 7 ; C 6, 1, 6, 6, 1, 5 ; V I, 5 ;
P 12. The ground color is yellowish olive, maculated with black or brown.
Second dorsal fin and caudal transversally barred.

XXXV. We have bestowed the name of Oligocephalus pulchellus upon a species
collected in a tributary of Gypsum creek, which empties itself into the Cana-
dian river, by the party under Lieut A. W. Whipple, while exploring the R. R.
route along the 35th parallel. The only specimen preserved measures an inch

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103

and a quarter, and in all probabilities not fully grown. The body is slender
and subfusiform, quite compressed, deepest at the insertion of the ventrals, and
tapering towards the base of the caudal. The head is slender, subconical, and
rounded off anteriorly. The anterior undivided ray of the anal fin is quite
large, and a good deal more conspicuous than the second one. There are but
six articulated rays to that fin. The ground color is yellowish brown, macu-
lated with black or blackish brown.

XXXVI. Specimens of a species of Boleosoma were collected by Dr. C. B. Ken-
nedy, under Lieut. A. W. Whipple, in the Rio Seco, Texas, and in the Rio Leona,
near Fort Inge, Texas. It is slender and graceful in general appearance, mea-
suring an inch and three quarters in total length, in which the head enters
about four times and a half. The first dorsal fin is longer and lower than the
second, and superiorly convex. The anal is much deeper than long upon its
base, and convex upon its edge. The tips of the ventral fins extend a little fur-
ther back than those of the pectorals. The rays are as follows : D x; 10 ; A
8 ; C 3, 1, 7, 1, 1, 3 ; V r, 5 ; P 13. The ground color is olivaceous yellow,
maculated with black or blackish brown. The second dorsal and the caudal
fins being as usual transversally barred. A longitudinal black streak may be
observed in advance of the orbits, and a vertical one beneath them. We call
the species Boleosoma gracile.

XXXVII. Under the name of Boleichthys we have instituted a genus which
is intermediate between Boleosoma and Oligocephalus. The head is subconical,
tapering forwards, the jaws being nearly equal, hence the mouth is terminal,
slightly protractile, and of moderate size. The opercular apparatus is scaly,
whilst the cheeks and the throat are bare. The two dorsal fins are distinctly
separated ; the first being lower than the second. The anal is well developed,
although somewhat smaller than the second dorsal. The caudal is subtruncate
or subcrescentic.

The typical species of this genus was collected by Dr. Geo. Suckley, under
Gov. I. I. Stevens, in Little Muddy river, a tributary of the Upper Missouri. It
is a very slender fish, measuring an inch and three quarters in total length.
The body is compressed, tapering towards the peduncle of the tail, which is
slightly contracted. The head constitutes a little less than the fourth of the
total length. The eye is large and subcircular, its diameter entering three times
and a half in the length of the side of the head. The posterior extremity of
the maxillar bone extends to a vertical line which would intersect the anterior
rim of the pupil. The formula of the fins is as follows : D x; 10; A n, 8 ; C
3, 1, 6, 6, 1, 3 ; V i, 5 ; P 12. The lateral line, from the orbit passes over the
opercular apparatus, keeping nearer the dorsal than the abdominal line to the
peduncle of the tail, hence midway to the insertion of the caudal, when it does
not disappear before reaching it. The pectorals extend further back than the
ventrals ; the first dorsal is convex. The ground color is yellowish brown,
maculated with greyish black. The dorsals and the caudal fin are transvers-
ally barred. A dark spot may be seen on the occipital region, and a streak in
advance as well as beneath the orbit. We call the species Boleichthys ezilis, on
account of its slender appearance.

XXXVIII. A second species of Boleichthys, which we call B. whipplii, was
collected in Coal creek, Arkansas, by the party under Lieut. A. W. Whipple.
Its body is more compressed and proportionally deeper than in the foregoing
species. The head constitutes a little less than the fourth of the total length,
which is nearly two inches. The first dorsal fin is convex in its outline. The
ventrals extend further back than the pectorals. The rays of the fins are : D
ix ; 13 ; A ii, 8 ; C 2, 1, 8, 1, 1, 3 ; V I, 5 ; P 12. The scales are rather small,
smaller than in the preceding species, and the lateral line is but slightly nearer
the dorsal than the ventral line. The ground color is reddish brown, incon-
spicuously maculated ; a black spot may be observed at the scapular region.
The second dorsal and the caudal fins are transversally barred.

1859.]

10-4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

XXXIX. Specimens of a rather short and deep bodied species of Boleichthys
were collected at Piedrapainte, Texas, by John H. Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham,
while connected with the U. S. and Mexican Boundary Survey. We call it B.
elegans. The first dorsal fin is longer than the second, and the pectorals extend
further back than the ventrals. The formula of the fins is as follows : D x ;
12 ; A ii, 8; C 2, 1, 7, 6, 1, 3 ; V i, 5 ; P 12. The scales are of medium size,
and larger than in the preceding two species. The ground color is olivaceous
brown, maculated with blackish brown.

XL. In the collections made during the " Exploration of the Upper Missour
and Yellowstone," under Lieut. G. K. Warren, there is a species of Boleichthys
resembling more B. exilis than any other of its congeners, by the shape of its
body and general appearance. It differs, however, from the species just alluded
to, by a more compact body, a proportionally shorter head, smaller scales, and
the structure of the fins, the rays of which are as follows : D ix ; 11 ; A n, 9 ;
C 3, 1, 8, 7, 1, 4 ; V i 5 ; P 13. The ground color is yellowish brown, the mid-
dle of the flanks being maculated with transverse spots of blackish; the belly
exhibiting a rather orange hue. The first dorsal has a series of vertically elon-
gated black spots resembling a dark band across the middle of that fin. The
second dorsal and caudal are transversally multilineated. A black streak may
be seen in advance to the orbit, and another beneath it. A specimen two
inches long was collected by Dr. Hayden, in Cannon Ball river, in September,
1856. We propose calling the species B. warreni.

Catalogue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations
made while in that Territory, during a residence of six years.

By T. CHARLTON HENRY, M. D.

Assistant Surgeon U. S. A.

The following catalogue is intended to serve the purpose of a second edition
of "Notes derived from Observations made on the Birds of New Mexico, during
the years 1853 and 1854," published in the Proceedings of the Academy in
April, 1855.

A residence in the same territory four additional years, has enabled the
writer to extend his observations very considerably, and to add much to the
varieties heretofore enumerated.

It will be observed that the nomenclature has been completely modified, in
accordance with the extended number of sub-families and sub-genera, which
modern science has very generally adopted.

A few of the species heretofore supposed to belong to certain sub-genera,
have, upon more minute inspection, proved to present variations somewhat
different from those which then appeared to determine their proper classifica-
tion, and have been designated accordingly.

1. Cathartes aura.

2. Falco nigriceps. Of this species I never was able to obtain but one indi-
vidual, nor am I aware of ever observing others of like character. Met with
among the mountains in the vicinity of Fort Stanton.

3. Gennaia polyagrus. Never more than three or four met with, of which
two were procured.

4. Falco sparverius. Common everywhere.

5. Accipiter Mexicanus. Rarely met with.

6. Accipiter Cooperi. Observed about as frequently only as the above.

7. Buteo calurus. A rare species, never more than eight or ten observed
during six years residence in the territory. Of these I was successful in pro-
curing four only. This is a remarkably shy and wary bird and exceedingly

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 105

difficult of approach. I have always observed them solitary and during the
coldest portion of the winter along the shores of the Rio Grande. Never ob-
served in the mountains either on the Rio Mimbres or Gila to the west, or the
Sierra Blanca and Rio Ruidosa to the east and northward. This hawk appears
to feed principally upon ducks as far as I have observed, which has been only
during the winter season.

8. Leucopternis Harlani. I have met with this bird on four occasions only,
once at the Big Bend of the Arkansaw river, Iadian Territory, in May, 1852,
and on three different occasions on the Gila river, in the summer of 1857. I
was induced to believe that it breeds high up on this stream, from having ob-
served pairs each time when seen on the Gila.

9. Pcecilopternis borealis. Some of the specimens supposed to be of this
species that were obtained are probably P. montanus.

10. P. lineatus. One specimen only obtained, the only one seen at Fort
Thorn, in the winter of '56-57.

11. P. oxypterus. This hawk I met with and procured on one occasion only,
on the Mimbres river, in the winter of '52-'53.

12. Archibuteo ferrugineus. Met with but once, in the winter of '56-57,
on the Rio Grande, near Fort Thorn, where I procured a specimen.

13. Archibuteo lagopus. Common in winter.

14. Circus Hudsonius.

15. Aquila Canadensis. Two only met with, one at the Rio Mimbres in the
winter of 1853, the other at Fort Stanton on the Rio Bonita in the spring of '55,
both individuals secured. The latter was found fastened to a skunk {M. Ameri-
cana) alive, but apparently overpowered by the effluvia given out by the animal.

16. Hali^tus leucocephalus.

17. Pandion ham.etus. Rather rare.

18. Polyborus tharus. But one individual ever met with, in the winter of
'56 at Fort Thorn on the Rio Grande, during the coldest portion of the season.

19. Bubo virginianus.

20. Otus Wilsonanius. Found, but not abundantly, in all portions of the
territory.

21. Brachyotus Cassinii. Rarer than the preceding.

22. Athene hypugea. 23. Geococcyx Californianus.

24. Coccvzus Americanus. Rarely observed, and at no time among the
mountains.

25. Trichopicus Harrisii. A common species in every part of the terri-
tory.

26. Dyctiopicus scalaris. Quite abundant, especially along the mesquite
thickets on the Rio Grande.

27. Sphyrapicus nuchalis. Replaces the varius in New Mexico, the latter
named species being unknown there.

28. S. thyroideus. Found occasionally in all the mountainous portions of
the country. Rather rare.

29. Melanerpes erythrocephalus. During a residence of more than six
years in New Mexico, but one individual of this species was observed, in the
month of July, '58, upwards of a hundred miles north of Fort Thorn, on the
Rio Grande. v

30. M. formicivorus. Found but occasionally only among the mountains,
and only in the vicinity of pine trees. This species is resident throughout the
year.

1859.]

106 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

31. M. torquatus. This species confines its range to the mountainous parts
of the country, and seems closely allied in its habits to formicivorus.

32. Colaptes Mbxicanus. Replaces the Auratus every where south of
Council Grove, Indian Territory, as my observation goes, a few miles south of
the place referred to, is the farthest south I have met the Auratus, though it is
not improbable their range may extend somewhat more southwardly.

33. Selasphorus platycercus. Common, and the only species obtained.
Found almost exclusively among the mountains.

34. Antrostomus Nuttalli. Quite common everywhere.

35. Chordeiles IIenryii. The most abundant species south of Albuquerque,
New Mexico. In the portion of the territory where I was located, I do not
think I met with any other night jar or true Chordeiles.

36. Megaceryle alcyon. Not very common on the Rio Grande, but found
abundantly on the Rio Gila.

37. Tyrannus vociferans. The most common species observed.

38. T. verticalis. Not uncommon.

39. Sayornis nigricans. Not often met with, and principally on the Rio
Mimbres.

40. Sayornis Sayus. This species is the most familiar of its family, and
delights to construct its nest under the portico of houses like our common
Pewee.

41. Contopus Richardsonii, Rarely seen.

42. Pyrocephalus rubineus. Met with only once, on the Rio Mimbres in the
summer of '53.

43. Turdds nanus. But two or three seen.

44. Planesticus migratorius. Rarely seen in summer, and met with most
frequently during the winter in the mountains.

45. Sialia Mexicana. 46. S. Arctica.

47. Regulus satrapa.

48. Regulus calendula. Both of the above two species are occasionally
met with in the mountains.

49. Hydrobata Mexicana. Only met with on the Rio Mimbres.

50. Anthus Ludovicianus. 51. Geothlypis trichas.

52. G. macgillivrayi. One obtained on the Mimbres.

53. Icteria viridis. (Or var. Longicauda.)

54. Helminthophaga chrysoptera.

55. Dendroica nigrescens. 56. D. Canadensis.
57. D. coronata. 58. D. striata.

59. D. CffiRULA. 60. D. ESTIVA.

61. D. STRIATA. 62. Pyranga jESTIVA.

63. P. hepatica. But one specimen obtained.

64. HlRUNDO HORREORUM.

65. H. LUNIFRONS. 66. H. THALASSINA.
67. H. BICOLOR. 68. COTYLE RIPARIA.

69. Progne purpurea. This latter species seems confined to the Mountains,
and builds generally in hollows in pine trees.

70. Ampelis cedrorum. 71. Phainopepla nitens.

72. Myiadestes Townsendii. 73. Collyrio Ludovicianus.
74. vlreo gilvus. 75. mlmus polygl0ttus.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107

76. Oreoscoptes montanus.

77. Harporhynchus crissalis. A few observed in the vicinity of Forts Fill-
more and Thorn, on the Rio Grande. Not observed in the mountains.

78. Salpinctes obsoletus. Rather abundant during winter among the moun-
tains.

79. Telmatodytes palustris. 80. Troglodytes Americanus.
81. Certhia Americana. 82. Sitta Carolinensis.

83. S. Canadensis. 84. S. pygmea.

85. PoLIOPTrLA CC3RULEA.

86. P. plumbea. Rarely observed, and only among the mountains.

87. LOPHOPHANES BICOLOR. 88. L. WOLLWEBERI.

89. Parus montanus. Rather common.

90. PSALTRIPARUS MINIMUS.

91. P. plumbeus. Both the two last named specie3 were occasionally met
with during winter in the mountains.

92. Eremophila cornuta. 93. Hesperiphona vespertina.

94. Carpodacus Californicus.

95. Carpodacus frontalis. Very much more abundant than the former,
which are rarely met with.

96. Chrysomitris Mexicana. Quite common during summer among the
mountains.

97. C. pinus. Very abundant during winter, both in the river valley and in
the mountains.

98. Rhynchophanes Maccownii. 99. Poocetes gramineus.

100. Coturniculus passerinus. Rarely seen.

101. Chondestes grammaca. 102. Zonotrichia Gambellii.

103. Junco dorsalis. Found only near Fort Stanton, among the mountain?,
where, I should judge, they rested. Never observed during winter. This spe-
cies is an excellent songster.

104. Junco Oregonus.

105. Poospiza Belli. But two or three only met with.

106. Poospiza bilineata. A few met with in the summer of 1852, near Fort
Fillmore, on the Rio Grande.

107. Spizella socialis.

108. Melospiza melodia. A constant resident.

109. Calamospiza bicolor. Quite common among the mountains in the sum-
mer months.

110. GONIAPHELA MELANOCEPHALA. 111. GUIRACA. C03RULEA.

112. Cyanospiza amcsna. But one only ever obtained or seen a male in full
plumage, at Fort Stanton, in the summer of 1855.

113. PlPILO ARCTICUS. 114. PlPILO MESOLEUCUS.

115. Pipilo chlorura. But one specimen obtained, at Fort Stanton, on the
Rio Bonito.

116. MoLOTHRUS PECORIS. 117. AGELAIUS PHffiNICEUS,

118. XANTHOCEPHALUS ICTEROCEPHALUS. 119. STURNELLA NEGLECTA.

120. Icterus Bullockii. Never observed elsewhere- than in the mountains,
and only during the summer months. Not common.

121, Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Very common along the Rio Grande
during spring and autumn.

1859.]

108 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

122. Corvds carnivorus. 123. Corvus Americanus.

124. Picicorvus Columbianus. Only met with in the mountains, and rarely

125 Gtmnokitta cyanocephala. 126. Cyanurus Macrolophus.

127. Cyanocitta Californica.

128. Cyanocitta "Woodhouset. Rarely seen.

129. COLUMBA FASCIATA. 130. ZENAIDURA CaROLINENSIS.

131. Meleagris Mexicana. This has, of late-, been proved to be a distinct
species from Gallipavo, and is the common turkey of New Mexico.

132. Tetrao obscurus. 133. Lophortyx Gambelli.
134. Callipepla squamata. 135. Cyrtonyx Massena.
136. Grus Canadensis. 137. G. Americanus.

138. Demiegretta Pealii. 139. Ardea Herodias.
140. Ardetta exilis. 141. Botaurus lentiginosus.
142. Butorides virescens. 143. Nyctiardea Gardeni.
144. Tantalus loculator. 145. Falcinellus Ordii.

146. Oxyechus vociferus.

147. Ox. montanus. Common on the high plains north of Fort Union, New
Mexico.

148. Recurvirostra Americana.

149. HlMANTOPUS NIGRICOLLIS. 150. PhALAROPUS "WlLSONH.

151. Phalaropus hyperboreus. The only occasion of my meeting with this
species was in May, 1855, on the Rio Bonita, at the present site of Fort Stan-
ton. I met a large flock in full summer plumage, and secured a number of them.

152. Gallinago Wilsonii.

153. Macrorhamphus scolopaceus. Abundant during the month of Septem-
ber along the valley of the Rio Grande.

154. ACTODROMAS WlLSONII.

155. A. Bonapartei. Rather rare.

156. Calidris arenaria. More abundant during the early autumn than the
last.

157. Symphemia semipalmata. Several obtained near the Rio Mimbres, in
May, 1857, the only occasion on which I ever met with this bird.

158. Gambetta flavtpes. Common in August and September.

159. Gambetta melanoleucus. Common along the Rio Grande in the fall
and winter.

160. Rhyacophilus solitarius. Not common.

161. Tringoides macularius. Not found duriDg winter.

162. Actiturus Bartramius. A few seen during the month of August.

163. Numenius longirostris. Frequently seen during the spring and autumn.

164. Ph^opus Hudsonicus. Never met with but once, in April, 1854, on
the Rio Grande.

165. Rallus Virginianus. One only met with, in the spring of 1856, near
Fort Thorn.

166. Porzana Carolina. Not uncommon in September. A few seen during
the winter on the Rio Mimbres.

167. Fulica Americana. 168. Cygnus Americanus.
169. Anser Gambelli.

[March,

NATURAL SCIENCES OV PHILADELPHIA. 109

170. Anser frontalis. May be the young of the preceding. Never but one
obtained.

171. Chen hyperboreus. 172. Lettcohlepharon canadensis.

173. Bernicla parvipes. Much more common than the preceding; breeds
in the southern portion of New Mexico, in the vicinity of Fort Thorn, and above.

174. Bernicla Brenta. Quite rarely met with.

175. Anas Boschas.

176. Anas obscura. Much rarer than the above.

177. Dufila acuta. 178. Quebquedula Discoes.
179. Q. cyanoptera. 180. Spatula ci.ypeata.
181. Mareca Americana. 182. Aix Sponsa.

183. Fulix marila.

184. F. collakis. Abundant in the sprhijr,

185. Aythya Americana. 186. A. v. > t.-weria.

187. Bdcephala albeola. Much more rornnion on the mountain brooks than
on the Rio Grande, but not often met with -southern New Mexico.

188. Erismatdra rubida. But few ever i-ict with.

189. Mergds Americanus.

190. Lophodytes cucullatus. Very common on the Mimbres, and occasion-
ally met with on the Rio Grande.

191. Cyrtopelicanus erythborhynchus. Common above latitude 32.

192. Graculus Mexicanus. Very common during April.

193. Plotus Anhinga. Not many observed.

194. Larus Delawarensis. A very few v uet with on the Rio Grande, in win-
ter and spring.

195. Sterna Wilsonii. Common in September on the Rio Grande.

196. S. fuliginosa. A few seen on the Hi Grande.

197. Colymbus torquatus. 198. Pooyumbus podiceps.

Mr. J. P. Lesley was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Committee on
Palaeontology, and Mr. Joseph Jeanes to fill one in the Committee on
the Library.

April 5th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair:

Forty-eight numbers present.

The following papers, by Theo. Gill, were presented for publication
in the Proceedings.

On Dactyloscopus and Leptoscopus, tsvo new genera of the family of
Uranoscopidse.

On the genus Callionymus of authors.

Description of Hyporhamphus, a new genus of Fishes, allied to Hc-
mirhamphus.

Notes on a collection of Japanese Fishes, made by Dr. J. Morrow.

And also the following :

Description of eight new species of Unionidae, from Georgia, Missis-
sippi and Texas, by Isaac Lea,

And were referred to committees.
1859.] 9

110 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OP

Dr. Leidy stated that, in company with Messrs. Vaux, Sergeant, Powel and
Tilghman, he had the day before visited the vicinity of Phoenixville, Chester
Co., with the view of examining the shales recently removed in widening the
rail-way tunnel. The specimens of shales or black slates, supposed to be of
triassic age, presented this evening to the Academy, are those which had been
collected. Besides obscure vegetable remains, species of Cypridae and Posido-
niae, they contain scales, bones and teeth of ganoid fishes, and also teeth of
three apparently distinct genera of reptiles. Two of the teeth, elongated coni-
cal in form, and finely striated, appear to belong to the genus Clepsysaurus,
Lea, the remains of which were first discovered in the corresponding rocks of
Lehigh Co. A third tooth, of large size, is compressed conical, and has oppo-
site, acute, serrulated borders. It probably indicates a new genus and species,
for which the name Eurydorus serridens is proposed. Fragments of similar
teeth have been found in the rocks near Gwynned, Montgomery Co. A fourth
tooth, much smaller than the one just indicated, has the same form, but has
its borders without serrulation, and has the base fluted. It resembles the
teeth of Couipsosaurus, of the coal of Chatham Co., North Carolina, but,
nevertheless, belongs to a different species.

The death of Mr. W. I. Broderip, of London, late a correspondent of
the Academy was announced.

On leave granted, a vote of thanks, was ordered to be tendered to Dr.
Alexander Bryant, for his donation of fossils, received this evening.

April 12th.

Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.
Fifty-four members present.

Dr. Leidy stated that the specimens of ferruginous rock containing remains
of fishes, presented to the Academy this evening by Dr. P. W. Mosblech, of
Bethany, Virginia, were of a very interesting character. Dr. Mosblech, in a let-
ter, states that the locality of the remains is a horizontal, ferruginous deposit,
about one inch in thickness, resting upon an old vegetable soil, overlying a
limestone which is considered as the uppermost member of the coal forma-
tion ; and it is covered with a soft, sandy, aluminous shale, destitute of or-
ganic remains, so far as examined. The extent of the ferruginous deposit is
unknown, but it seems to be confined to the College Hill, at Bethany, equal to
about four acres.

The fragments of rock contain a multitude of isolated scales of ganoid fishes,
and numerous teeth and small fragments of bones. Most of the teeth are of
small size, and have exactly the same form and construction as those of
Saurichthys, a genus of the triassic formations of Europe; but others of
large size belong to the genus Diplodus, which is also found in the coal
formations of other parts of the United States, and of Europe.

Dr. Leidy added that the fossils from the Green Sand, of Monmouth Co., pre-
sented this evening by Mr. J. H. Slack, consisted of fragments of jaws with
teeth of Mosas aurus, several bones apparently of a reptile, of unknown
character, a jaw of Enchodus, a palate bone with teeth of Pycnodu s ,
and teeth of 1 o d u s and Galeocerdo.

The Commitfee on Proceedings laid on the table the number of
the Proceedings for March.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Ill

April \th.
Mr. Lea, President, in the Chair.

Forty-nine members present.

The following were presented for publication in the Proceedings:

Ichthyological Notices by Charles Grirard, M. D.

On (he primary divisions of the Salamandridae, with a description of
two new species, by E. D. Cope.

Description of twenty one new species of Exotic Unionidae, by Isaac
Lea.

Description of two new species of Uniones, from Georgia, by Isaac Lea.

Dr. Leidy remarked, that Mr. Jos. B. Hanson, an intelligent merchant of
this city, had recently addressed to him a note, to call at his warehouse and
examine some masses of the so-called Sombrero guano, containing fossil bones.
Two large masses of this substance, now on the table and presented to the
Academy by Mr. Hanson, include a number of turtle bones, among which the
posterior portion of a sternum of an individual is well preserved. The included
bone fragments significantly point to the origin of the rock, imported as a
manure rich in phosphates, from the island Sombrero, W. I. This island,
situated about 130 miles east of Porto Rico, Mr. Hanson informs us, is about
2J miles long, to | of a mile wide, and rises from 20 to 40 feet above the
level of the ocean. It is a barren rock formerly avoided by navigators, and
.appears to be entirely composed of the rich phosphatic mineral. Analyses of
the substance, by competent chemists, indicate it to bear a resemblance in
composition to bones deprived of their cartilage, and otherwise altered, as we
might suppose bones to be, exposed to the influence of the ocean water. It
contains about the same proportion of phosphate of lime as calcined bones ;
and it is this circumstance which has directed the attention of enterprising
merchants and agriculturalists to its value as a manure.

When we recollect that the cereal grains, buckwheat, clover and other legu-
minous seeds yield in their ash from 30 to 50 per cent, of phosphoric acid, we
cannot but feel the conviction that the Sombrero substance, with its 75 per cent,
of phosphates, must prove to be of far more permanent value than the true
guano. From this, the Sombrero material deserves to be distinguished by a
new name, and perhaps the easy one of O s i t e , from its resemblance in
composition to bones and its probable origin, would not be inappropriate. But
are we to ascribe the immense mass forming the Sombrero rock to animal
origin ? Many reefs and shores of vast extent are known positively to have
had their origin in the testaceous coverings of the lower animals, but Som-
brero appears to be the first instance of an extensive island formed alone of the
remains of the higher animals. The composition of the Sombrero substance,
with its included bones, leads us to suspect that the island was once a shoal
swarming with turtles and other vertebral animals, whose accumulated re-
mains of ages have been cemented together, and gradually elevated above the
ocean level to the present position of the island.

Mr. Hanson informs us that no animals inhabit the latter, independently of
birds, except a lizard, about one foot in length, specimens of which he has
promised to obtain for the Academy.

Dr. Leidy further remarked that the bear skull presented this evening by Mr.
W. D. Moore, of Oxford, Mississippi, had been found, in association with two
portions of jaws with teeth of the Mastodon, in the drift of Claiborne Co.,
Mississippi. The skull does not differ from that of the common black bear,
Ursus Americanus. It is the fourth instance in which Dr. L. has no-
ticed the occurrence of remains apparently of this species in association with
those of Mastodon, Megalonyx, and other extinct animals.

1859.]

112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

On leave granted, a vote of thanks was ordered to be tendered to Mr.
I. W. Gregory, for the body of the Bengal tiger, presented this even-
ing.

April 26$.

Vice-President Bridges in the Chair.

Forty members present.

The report of the Biological Department for the present month was
read.

On report of the respective Committees, the following papers were
ordered to be printed in the Proceedings :

Descriptions of Eight New Species of UNIONID-E, from Georgia, Mississippi,

and Texas.

BY ISAAC LEA.

TJnio spissus. Testa laevi, elliptica, subventricosa, postice obtuse angulata
subaequilaterali ; valvulis crassis ; natibus prominulis ; epidermide striata,
rufo-fusca, obsolete radiata ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis, erectis, compressis,
crenulaiis, in utroque valvulo subduplicibus ; lateralibus longis, crassis subcur-
visque ; margarita vel purpurea, vel salmonis colore tincta et iridescente.

Hab. Satilla River, Wayne County, Georgia. T. C. Downie.

TJnio corvus. Testa, laevi, subtriaDgulari, subcompressa, inaequilaterali, pos-
tice obtuse biangulata ; valvulis crassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus subpro-
minentibus ; epidermide nigricante, superne glabra, polita, inferne striata ;
dentibus cardinalibus subgrandibus, subconicis striatisque ; lateralibus longis
curvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hab. Buckhead Creek, Burke County, Georgia. Bishop Elliott ; and Ogee-
chee River, Georgia. Prof. Hanley.

TJnio Burkensis. Testa laevi, transversa, compressa, ad latere planulata., in-
aequilaterali, postice biangulata ; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide fusco-flavicante, inicante et obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus
breviusculis, compressis, acuminatis ; lateralibus longis rectisque ; margarita
purpurascente et iridescente.

Hab. Buckhead Creek, Burke County, Georgia. Bishop Elliott.

TJnio aureus. Testa laevi, subtriangulari, compressa, ad latere paulisper
planulata, subinaequilaterali ; valvulis subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus
subelevatis, ad apices acuminatis ; epidermide aurea, striata, obsolete radiata;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, erectis, striatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ;
lateralibus curtis et obliquis ; margarita alba, et iridescente.

Hab. Texa3. W. Newcomb, M. D.

TJnio curtus. Testa laevi, obliqua, ad umbones valde tumida, antice trun-
cata, postice obtuse angulata, valde inaequilaterali ; valvulis percrassis, antice
crassioribus ; natibus elevatis, crassis, t'ere terminalibus; epidermide tenebroso-
castanea, ad apices virescente, obsolete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus sub-
grandibus, compressis, acuminatis, obliquis ; lateralibus crassis subcurvisque ;
margarita argenteil et iridescente.

Hab. Tombigbee River, Columbus, Mississippi. Wm. Spillman, M. D.

TJnio permiscens. Testa laevi, obovata, inflata, postice late rotundata, valde
in33quilaterali ; valvulis tenuibus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide tenebroso-
fusca, nigricante, obsolete perradiata, nitida ; dentibus cardinalibus parvulis,

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113

compressis, obliquis ; lateralibus praelongis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; ruargarita
cajruleo-alba et valde iridescente.
Hab. Tombigbee River, Columbus, Mississippi. Wm. Spillman, M. D.

Margaritaxa elliptica. Testa lasvi, elliptica, subinflata, subaequilaterali,
postice obtuse angulata ; valvulis ttmuibus ; natibus subprominentibus, ad
apices subconcentrice undulatis ; epidermide luteo-virente, glabra, nidda }
perradiata; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, in utroque valvulo singu-
lis; margarita. casruleo-alba et iridescente.

Hab. Tombigbee River, Columbus, Mississippi. Wm. Spillman, M. D.

Anodo.vta Texasensis. Testa, lajvi, elliptica, inflata, ad latere, rotunda, inae-
quilaterali, postice subangulata ; valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus subprominenti-
bus, ad apices biundulata ; epidermide dilute lutea, glabra, fulgida, obsolete
radiata; margarita caeruleo-alba, diaphana et valde iridescente.

Hab. Texas. W. Newcomb, M. D.

ICHTHYOLOGICAL NOTICES.
BY CHARLES GIRARD, M. D.

XL1. Since we are again called upon to mention the genus Zygonecles, we will
venture to point out such structural peculiarities, as, in our opinion, may be
considered its generical characters. Body rather slender and elongated, com-
pressed, subfusiform in its profile, and covered with well developed scales. Head
rather small, depressed, subpyramidal. Mouth very protractile, its gape being
horizontal, whether in a protracted or a retracted condition. Teeth upon the
premaxillar bones and upon the lower jaw ; an external series slender and
acerated, behind which may be observed a band of velvet-like ones. The ori-
gin of the anal fin is opposite the anterior margin of the dorsal, or in advance
of it. The genus Zjigonect.es appears to be intermediate between Hydrargyra
and Gimbusia, resembling more the former by its general aspect, and the latter
by its structure.

Specimens of a species of this genus, and which we call Z. pulchdlus, were
collected in Sugar Loaf Creek, Arkansas, by the party under Capt. A. W.
Whipple. The largest one measures two inches and a half in total length, of
which the head constitutes rather more than the fifth. The eye is large and
circular ; its diameter entering four times in the length of the side of the head.
The dorsal and anal fins are deeper than long ; the anal being larger than the
dorsal, and placed more anteriorly, so that its anterior margin is nearly equi-
distant between the apex of the snout and the posterior margin of the caudal
fin. The tip of the posterior rays of the dorsal extend as far as the insertion
of the caudal, that is, a little further backwards than the tip of the posterior
rays of the anal fin. The ventrals and the pectorals are but moderately de-
veloped ; the tip of the former extends to the vent, whilst the latter do not
quite reach the insertion of the ventrals. The ravs of the various fins are as
follows : D 9 ; A 12 ; C 3, 1, 7, 6, 1, 3 ; V 6 ; P 13. There are twelve longi-
tudinal rows of scales between the anterior margin of the dorsal and that of
the anal fin. The surface of the scales has a rather rugose appearance, owing
to the conspicuousness of the concentric lines of growth. The scales them-
selves are deeper than long, anteriorly subtruncated or subconvex ; undulating
and rounded off upon the remaining edges.

The ground color is olivaceous brown, of a darker tint along the dorsal re-
gion than over the abdomen. A black band or streak extends from the nose,
across the eye, along the middle of the flank to the base of the caudal fin.
Small black dots, constituting four or five irregular longitudinal series, may bo
observed on either side of the dorsal region, above the lateral streak ; the
dorsal, anal, and caudal fins being likewise dotted with black, whilst the ven-
trals and pectorals are unicolor, like the abdomen.

1859.]

114 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

XLII. Having had, recently, an opportunity of examining authentic specimens
of either species of Limia, inhabiting ihe island of Cuba, and described by
Prof. Poey, we are now better prepared to speak of those species which occur
along our own shores and in the Mexican provinces bordering the Rio Grande
Boundary.

And before we proceed any further into the history of these fishes, we deem
it expedient to recapitulate the characiers of that genus.

The body, generally speaking, is rather short and deep, very much compressed,
and covered with comparatively large scales. The upper surface of the head
is depressed, sloping forwards, wedge-shaped in general appearance. The
mouth is small, or else, of moderate size, very protractile, directed upwards
when in a retracted condition, tlia lower jaw then appearing longer than the
upper; but when protracted, the aperture is directed horizontally forwards, and
somewhat downwards, assuming the shape of a flattened (depressed) tube, the
jaws being equal. Either jaw exhibits a row of slender, curved and acerated
teeth, behind which a narrow patch of minute, velvet-like ones may be observed.
The anal fin is inserted posteriorly to the an'erior margin of the dorsal, and
differently constructed according to the sexes. The dorsal fin itself is higher
and longer in the male than in the female. The posterior edge of the caudal
is subtruncated or rounded off.

In the above diagnosis of the generical characters to be assigned to Limia,
it is easy to perceive a most intimate affinity between that genus and Pacilia.
Indeed, the only difference which is noticeable, resides in the structure of the
anal 6n of the male sex, which is narrower and deeper than in the female, and
inserted more anteriorly, close to the ventrals ; the anterior rays being much
more developed than the posterior ones, which are partly atrophied. Now.
such a distinction may not appear of sufficient importance, and ichthyologists
might raise the question of preserving these two genera in the nomenclature.
In the present state of our personal knowledge regarding these fishes, we should
not have established a generic distinction upon that character alone. But,
since these genera exist, we shall, for the present at least, speak of them under
separate heads, leaving it with future investigations to decide upon their in-
trinsic value. Our reason for so doing is the lack of specimens of most of the
species referred to the genus Pcecilia, in the " Histoire naturelle des Poissons,"
and described from specimens of the female sex alone. Moreover, we may ex-
pect many new species from Mexico and Central America, which may throw
considerable light upon the natural history, yet so imperfectly known, of these
little fishes.

We have examined specimens of Pcecilia multilineata, collected at Palatka,
East Florida, by T. Glover. Lesueur himself admits their identity with those
he obtained from Lake Ponchartrain. Not having at our command specimens
of the latter locality, we are not prepared to express any opinion regarding that
point. But we have had under examination from that locality, Mollinesia lati-
pinna, which is considered now as the male sex of Pcecilia multilineata. These
exhibit the same generical characters which we have assigned to Limia ; there-
fore, should further investigations corroborate a generic distinction between
Pcecilia and Limia, the latter appellation will have to give way to Mollinesia, as
having priority over it.

Male and female specimens of this same species were collected at Galveston,
Texas, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennedy, under Capt. A. W. Whipple.

XLIII. The species which we have described under the name of P. lineolata,
in the " Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey," from specimens
collected at Brownsville, near the mouth of the Rio Grande del Norte (Rio
Bravo), belongs to the same genus as the former species. It is closely allied
to P. multilineata, the female sex being compared, the male sex having not yet
come under observations. It differs from the latter by a smaller head, a smaller

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115

eye, and a smaller mouth ; the dorsal fin is also placed more anteriorly. The
system of coloration being exactly the same in either species.

XL1V. The species which we have called Limia paciloides is but very imper-
fectly characterised in the " Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary. '"
Moreover, figs. 12 14, of plate xxxviii, do not belong to the same species.
Hence the male sex only is so far known ; it is represented on the plate just
alluded to, fijs. 811.

Now then, if we recapitulate the characters to be assigned to this species, we
shall have the following diagnosis : The back is arched and the abdomen
qui'e convex; the greatest depth taken in advance of the anterior edge of the
dorsal fin enters somewhat less than four times in the total length. The head
is contained four times and a half in the total length ; external series of teeth
very slender and exiguous. Diameter of eye entering three times and a half in
the length of the fide of the head. Dorsal fin neatly as long as deep, superiorly
convex, its anterior margin being nearer the apex of the snout than the inser-
tion of the caudal. The caudal itself is posteriorly rounded oft* or convex. The
anal fin is inserted opposite the middle portion of the base of the dorsal. Ven-
trals small and slender, inserted immediately in advance of the anterior edge of
the dorsal ; their posterior extremity stretching beyond the anterior edge of
the anal fin and overlap, consequently, the vent. The pectorals being rather
short and broad, subelliptical in their outline. The rays are : D 13 ; A 6 ; C 2.
1, 7, 7, 1, 2 ; V 6 ; P 13. The ground color is reddish-brown, with transverse
narrow bands of a darker tint and a small blackish spot at the base of each
scale, constituting about seven longitudinal serit s on eitbtr eide of the body.
The caudal fin is likewise transversely spotted, whilst the other fins are uni-
color.

Specimens of this species were collected at Indianola, Texas, by John H.
Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham.

XLV. A very pretty little species of Limia, which we call L. formosa, was
likewise caught by John H. Clark, under Major Emory, in a lagoon at Paolo
Alto. Of this, we have a specimen of either sex, the female differing widely
from the male. We will proceed describing them, one after the other.

The male resembles somewhat the same sex in L. poeciloicfes, from which it
may, however, be distinguished at first glance, by a greater depth at the pe-
duncle of the tail. The back is likewise less arched, and the abdomen less con-
vex; the greatest depth of the body, at the origin of the dorsal, entering some-
what over four times in the total length. The head constitutes about the fourth
of the total length ; the eye, which is large and circular, enters three times in
the length of the side of the head by its diameter. The snout is rather abbre-
viated. The dorsal fin is longer than high, and convex or subconvex upon its
upper margin. The caudal is rounded off posteriorly. The anal fin is inserted
nearly opposite the anterior margin of the dorsal ; it is slender and deep, but
far from extending as far back as the posterior rays of the dorsal. The ventrals.
which are slender, are inserted in advance of the anterior margin of the dorsal,
at a short distance from the anal, between which there is just space enough for
the anal aperture. Their extremities project beyond the base of the anal fin,
particularly the second ray, which is longer than the rest. As to the pectorals,
they are rather broad and proportionally well developed.

The female specimen, which measures one inch and a half, is more slender
than the male. We take it, however, that when adult and full of roe, the pro-
portions of the body may assume a different aspect. The greatest depth is
equal to the length of the head, which constitutes the fourth of the total length.
We notice the same abbreviated snout and large eyes, as in the male sex. The
dorsal fin is nearly as high as long, and almost of equal depth throughout, its
upper margin being straight or subconvex ; the anterior margin of that fin is
somewhat nearer the insertion of the caudal than the apex of the snout. The

1859.]

116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

anal fin, which is deeper than long, is inserted opposite the posterior portion
of the base of the dorsal. The ventrals are small, subtriangular when expanded,
their posterior extremity not extending as far as the anterior edge of the anal.
The pectorals are well developed, elongated, posteriorly rounded off, their ex-
tremities projecting beyond a line drawn at the origin of the ventrals. The
rays of the fins are : D 12 ; A 10 ; C 7, 1, 8, 7, 1, 6 ; V 6 ; P 9. We have
counted thirteen rays in the dorsal fin of the male sex, and seven in the anal.
The structure of the latter is as follows : First and second ray simple, short,
and slender; third and fourth most developed, third one stoutest; fifth, sixth,
and seventh slender, but deeper than the first and second, and bifurcated. The
scales are very similar in either sex, much deeper than long, anteriorly trun-
cated, with numerous radiating furrows upon the latter section only, and
rounded off upon the remaining edges, with very fine concentric lines of growth.
The ground color is olivaceous brown ; the dorsal region assuming a darker
tint, owing to a biowu spot which may be observed on the scales, whilst the
abdominal region has a lighter and more yellowish aspect. The dorsal fin
alone exhibiting transverse series of blackish spots : the other fins being
unicolor.

XLVI. Lieut. D. N. Couch has collected, in the waters of the Rio San Juan, at
Cadarecta and Monterey, in the Province of New Leon, a species of Limia, which
differs widely from its congeners, as will be shown presently. Unfortunately,
all the specimens are of the female sex. The largest of these measure one and
five-eighths of an inch, being apparently full grown, or, at any rate, adult, for
the abdomen is distended by the presence of numerous embryos. The body
appears to be rather short and contracted ; the back being convex and gently
sloping forwards. The head is small, constituting about the fifth of the total
length. The orbit occupies the third of the side of the head. The dorsal fin
is longer than high, superiorly subconvex, its anterior margin being nearer the
insertion of the caudal than the apex of the snout. Its entire base is placed
upon the posterior declivity of the back. The posterior margin of the caudal
is. as usual, convex. The anal fin is inserted opposite the posterior portion of
the base of the dorsal ; it is narrow and rather deep, and its extremity extends
further back than theposterior rays of the dorsal. The ventrals are compara-
tively of moderate size, sublanceolate, their extremity extending to the vent.
As to the pectorals, they are narrow and elongated, rounded off posteriorly,
not reaching a vertical line drawn nt the insertion of the ventrals. The rays
are : D 9 ; A 6 ; 4,1,9,8,1,3; V 6 ; P 11. The scales are very large, and
exhibit the general structure alluded to in the other species. The dorsal re-
gion to the middle of the flanks is almost entirely chestnut-brown, so large are
the spots which are observed on every scale. An obsolete band of black exists
along the sides. The abdomen and inferior region of the tail are yellowish,
with a golden reflect. The fins are unicolor, except the dorsal, which exhibits
a few blackish spots. We call this species Limia couchiana.

XLVII. Another species of Limia appears to be common about Matamoras,
where it was first collected by the late L. Berlandier, whose collection has
since been purchased by Lieut. D. N. Couch, a lover and. cultivator of natural
sciences.

Specimens of the male sex measure nearly two inches in total length, of
which the head, which is rather small, constitutes about the fifth part. The
body is very much compressed, rather deep, maintaining its depth along the
peduncle of the tail. The upper surface of the head, as usual, is very much
depressed and flattened. The profile is gently sloping from the origin of the
dorsal fin to the apex of the snout. The eye is well developed, subcircular, its
diameter entering about three times in the length of the side of the head. The
dorsal fin is longer than high, and equally elevated throughout its whole length,
the tip of its posterior rays not extending as far as the insertion of the caudal
fin. The anal is inserted somewhat posteriorly to the anterior margin of the

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117

dorsal, and close to the ventrals, from which it is separated by the anal aper-
ture alone. The ventrals themselves are of moderate development, overlapping
the vent and projecting beyond the insertion of the anal ; the second ray is
much longer than the rest. The pectorals are elongated, their tips extending
beyond the insertion of the ventrals and the origin of the anal without reaching
as far as the tip of the ventrals. The rays are : D 14 ; A 7 ; C 5, 1, 9, 8, 1,
5; V 6; P 12.

The largest specimens of the female sex which have come under our observa-
tion, measure but an inch and a half. The general aspect of the body is the
same as in the male sex; the head, however, is somewhat larger, being con-
tained about four times and a half in the total length. The dorsal fin is much
smaller than in the male, and convex upon its upper margin. The anal fin is
rather small and inserted opposite the middle region of the dorsal. The ven-
trals overlap the vent, but tueir extremities do not quite reach the anterior
margin of the anal. The tip of the pectorals extends beyond the origin of the
ventrals, but not as far as the anal fin. The anal fin has nine rays. The sec-
ond ray of the ventrals is even with the rest. The scales are large, much deeper
than long, anteriorly subtruncated, and rounded off upon the rest of the peri-
phery. Radiating furrows may be observed upon their anterior section only.

The ground color is reddish brown, lighter beneath than above, with longi-
tudinal series of d^rk spots corresponding to the series of scales, and more con-
spicuous along the dorsal region than elsewhere. The dorsal flu is transvers-
ally barred with series of blackish spots, as well as the upper lobe of the cau-
dai. The other fins being unicolor.

The above species we propose to designate under the name of Limia matamo-
rensis.

XLVIII. A new genus to which we give the name of Actinia, has the general
physiognomy of Limia, but differs from it, as well as from Pcecilia, by the struc-
ture of its mouth. The latter is protractile, rather cleft, dearly horizontal when
retracted, and slightly directed downwards when protracted ; the jaws being
equal, the snout subcorneal, instead of being truncated as in Limia and Pctcilia.
The lower jaw is also better developed than in the genera just alluded to, and
the upper one is convex instead of being depressed. The male sex differs but
little from the female; the dorsal and anal fins holding the same relative po-
sition in either of them, being simply larger in the male than in the female.
The posterior margin of the caudal fin is subtruncated.

Specimens of the typical species of this genus, and, as yet, the only one known,
were collected at Galveston, Texas, by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, under Capt. A. W.
Whipple, at St. Joseph's Island, Tex., by Gustavus Wurdemann, and at Indi-
anola, Tex., by John H. Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham. The largest ones
observed measure less than an inch and a half in total length, in which the
head enters about three times and a half. The head is, therefore, well devel-
oped, wedge-shaped, the profile being quite declivous from the origin of the
dorsal fin to the apex of the snout. The greatest depth of the body corresponds
to the anterior margin of the dorsal, and diminishes rapidly backwards. The
eye is la r ge and circular, its diameter entering three times and a half in the
length of the side of the head: once in advance of its anterior rim. The dor-
sal fin is higher than long, and quite elevated in the male sex ; its anterior mar-
gin is nearly equidistant between the apex of the snout and the posterior edge
of the caudal fin. The anal fin is deeper than long, and deeper in the male than
iu the female ; its anterior margin corresponding to the middle of the base of
the dorsal, and extends more backwards than the latter fin. Its exterior mar-
gin is rounded off, or convex. The ventrals are rather broad and overlap the
vent, whilst the pectorals are elongated and extend beyond the origin of the
ventrals. The second ray of the latter fins does not project beyond the others,
as is the case with the species of Limia. The rays are: D 9 ; All; C 4,1,

1859.]

118 PROCEEDINGS OP THE ACADEMY OF

8, 7, 1, 4 ; V 6 ; P 15 The scales are somewhat deeper than long, anteriorly
truncated and posteriorly rounded, whilst the upper and lower margins are
nearly straight and parallel. The concentric lines of growth are very fine and
numerous, and short radiating farrows occupy almost the entire anterior mar-
gin.

The dorsal region and tipper surface of the head are greyish olive or oliva-
ceous brown, with a darker line at the periphery of the scales. The flanks are
fasciated alternatively with greyish brown and light yellowish transverse nar-
row bands, the more conspicuous as they approach the peduncle of the tail ;
the brown *bands being wider than the light yellowish ones ; there are how-
ever instances in which light streaks subdivide the brown bands. The oper-
cular apparatus is silvery : the lower part of the bead and the belly exhibit-
ing a uniform light olivaceous or yellowish tint.

The name of Adinia multifasciata appears to us quite characteristic of the
species which is here described. An immature female specimen is figured on
Plate xxxviii, figs. 12-14 of the "Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mexican Boun-
dary," where it is given as the female sex of Limia pceciloides, an error which
we now rectify.

XLIX. Another new genus, which we call Lucania, has the general appear-
ance of Fundulus, from which it differs by the presence, upon the jaws, of one
row of teeth only ; the mouth itself being fashioned as in Fundulus : the up-
per jaw being smaller and somewhat shorter than the upper, arched sideways
and subdepressed superiorly. The head is somewhat rounded off and blunt.
The insertion of the anal fin is more posteriorly than the dorsal. The caudal
is rounded off. The scales are of but moderate development, deeper than long,
with fine concentric strife, and furrowed upon their anterior section. The sexes
afford no greater differences than in Fundulus and Hydrargyra.

The typical species of the genus which is here instituted, was figured and
described by us under the name of Limia venusta in the "Ichthyology of the
U. S. and Mexican Boundary," plate xxxix, figs. 20 23, p. 71. Its present
systematic name, therefore, will be Lucania venusta. Fig. 21 gives a most
perfect idea of the shape and structure of the mouth. The lateral line is not
always so conspicuous as represented in fig. 20. The teeth themselves are
proportionally larger than in the following species. The anterior margin of
the dorsal fin is nearly equidistant between the apex of the snout and the in-
sertion of the caudal. The anal is placed opposite the posterior half of the
dorsal, and consequently projects further back. The ventrals are slender,
extending as far as the vent, and composed of six rays and not five, as formerly
stated. The pectorals are elongated, posteriorly rounded off, and projecting
beyond the insertion of the ventrals. The rays are : D 13 ; A 11 ; C 3, 1, 8, 8,
1, 2 ; V 6 ; P 10. The scales are deeper than long, anteriorly subtruncated,
rounded off upon the remaining edges, with radiating furrows upon the anterior
section only, the concentric lines of growth being very fine. The ground color
is reddish brown, with groups of dark dots on the centre of the scales ; the
fins being unicolor, of a yellowish olive tint. A specimen of this species was
collected at Indianola, Tex., by John H. Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham, while
on the U. S. and Mexiean Boundary Survey.

L. We find in the collection of the late L. Berlandier two specimens of a
species of Lucania, collected in the neighborhood of Matamoras, resembling
very closely the preceding one. The only differences which we are able to
detect consist in a larger mouth and larger scales, a more backward position
of the dorsal and anal, together with the following formula of the fins : D 12 ;
A 11 ; C 4, 1, 7, 7, 1, 3 ; V 6 ; P 12. The coloration is the same. The speci-
mens not being perfect, a further comparison could not be instituted. We shall
designate them provisionally under the name of Lucania affiiiis.

LI. Amongst the fishes collected in the vicinity of the city of Mexico, by Maj.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 119

W. Rich, in 1853, we notice a cyprinodont of a very peculiar external appear-
ance, belonging nevertheless to the genus Lucania, as characterized above.

One of the female specimens measures two inches and a half in total length.
The dorsal region is very much arched from the insertion of the dorsal fin to
the nape, which is quite swollen. The head is rather small, constituting the
fifth of the total length, its upper surface is subdepressed, the occipital region
appearing concave from the sudden rising of the nape, a trait less conspicuous
in smaller specimens of the same sex and in the males also. The snout is
short, thick and blunt. The gape of the mouth is oblique upwards as in the
other species of this genus. The eye is subcircular, its diameter entering
three times and a half in the length of the side of the head. There are three
slender branchiostegal rays on either side, the outermost being exiguous.
The anterior margin of the dorsal fin is nearly equidistant between the apex
of the snout and the posterior margin of the caudal fin ; its upper margin
is convex and its base is longer than the height of the middle rays. The
caudal fin enters a little short of seven times in the total length. The anal,
is smaller than the dorsal, but has the same shape, and the same propor-
tions between its base and its depth. Its anterior margin is placed poste-
riorly to that of the dorsal ; the tip of its rays extending but very slightly
further back than those of the latter, so that the two fins are nearly
even posteriorly. The ventrals are very small and reach the vent with their
extremities. The pectorals are of moderate development, rounded off, not ex-
tending as far as the origin of the ventrals. The rays are : D 20 ; A 23 ; C 5,
1, 10, 10, 1, 6 ; V 6 ; P 12. The scales are comparatively small, deeper than
long, snbelliptical in their outline, exhibiting extremely fine concentric lines of
growth, and provided with radiating furrows upon their anterior section alone.
The ground color is olivaceous brown, with transverse dark brown bands which
run occasionally together giving the entire body, head and fins, a greyish black
appearance. Otherwise the fins assume a greyish olive tint.

The male sex is more slender than the female ; the dorsal and anal fins being
somewhat more developed, and the back less arched. The coloration is similar
in either sex.

LII. In speaking of the generical characters to be assigned to Girardinus,
and especially of the structure of the mouth, we ought to have stated that the
latter is depressed, instead of being rounded, and constructed after the fashion
of that of Pacilia and Limia, so that its gape is directed upwards when con-
tracted, and downwards when protracted. Accordingly its affinities with the
latter two genera are more intimate than with Gambusia.

The specimen of Girardinus occidentalis, figured, size of life, on plate xxxix,
of the " Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary," is the largest of those
collected in the Rio Santa Crux, by John H. Clark, under Col. J. D. Graham.
Specimens two inches and a quarter in total length were subsequently collected
at Tuczon, Sonora, by Arthur Schott, under Major Emory. All these speci-
mens belong to the female sex. The following formula of the fins is to super-
sede that which has been previously published : D 7 ; A 7 ; C 4, 1, 7, 7, 1, 3 :
V 6 ; P 12. The scales are subelliptical, deeper than long, with radiating fur-
rows upon the anterior section alone. The ground color is either reddish or
olivaceous brown above, and yellowish white beneath, with a golden reflect
during the breeding season. The periphery of the scales exhibits blackish dots
occasionally so crowded as to assume a dark appearance. Along the middle
of the flanks may be seen a black fillet which imitates a lateral line ; the series
of scales over which it runs is sometimes entirely black. A black streak is
observed along the under edge of the peduncle of the tail. The fins are of a
uniform light yellowish tint.

We refer, for the present, to the same species, numerous specimens in a
rather indifferent state of preservation, collected at Tuczon, by Dr. A. L. H er-
mann, under Lt. J. G. Parke. Amongst them we observe several individuals
1859.]

120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

of the male sex, measuring about an inch and a quarter in total length, rather
slender in general appearance, and resembling somewhat the same sex in Gam-
busia. The anal fin, however, is more slender and deeper than in the latter
genus, it being composed of but two developed rays preceded and followed by
inconspicuous rudimentary ones. The other fins are so much mutilated as not
to allow counting their rays with any degree of certainty. The coloration is
the same as in the female sex, just alluded to above.

LIII. Specimens of a species closely, allied to the foregoing one, were collected
in San Bernardino creek, Mex., by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, under Major Emory.
That creek, it will be remembered, flows westwards of the Sierra Madre, ming-
ling its waters with those of the Rio Yaqui, which empties itself into the Gulf
of California.

The largest of these specimens belonging to the female sex measure two
inches and a quarter in total length, being therefore of the same size as some
of those of the preceding species. Nothing is more alike than the general
aspect of these two species ; the present one, however, is more stoutly built.
The head constitutes about the fifth of the total length. The caudal fin is pos-
teriorly subtruncated. The dorsal and anal fin are inserted somewhat farther
back, each beine; provided with eight rays instead of seven ; otherwise the for-
mula is the same : D 8 ; A 8 ; C 4, 1, 7, 7, 1, 3 ; V 6 ; P 12. The scales have
the same shape and structure, but they are proportionally smaller, than in the
preceding species.

The specimens of the male sex, measure about an inch and a quarter or a
little more. They bear the same relations to their females as those of the pre-
ceding species. The dorsal fin exhibits likewise eight rays.

The ground color, in either sex, is of a dark chestnut brown, with black dots
at the periphery of the scales, and a lateral black fillet covered by a lateral
streak of the width of a scale. A narrow dark streak may also be observed
under the peduncle of the tail. In its coloration, therefore, this species does
not differ very materially from the foregoing one. The lateral streak alone ap-
pears as a more constant feature.

We shall designate it provisionally under the name of G. sonoriensis.

LIV. Let it be recalled to mind here, that the mouth in Gambusia is construct-
ed after the fashion of Hydrargyra and Zygonectes, and that its gape is horizontal
when protracted, and oblique upwards when in a contracted state. Indeed,
the affinities between Gambusia and Zygonectes are of the most intimate kind,
since in Zygonectes the anterior margin of the anal fin is sometimes situated in
advance of the anterior margin of the dorsal. It is true, we find a slight dif-
ference between these two genera, in the gape of the mouth when in a pro-
tracted condition, and also in the sexes, which assume a different aspect in
Gambusia, whilst in Zygonectes the differences between the male and the female
are a great deal more restricted.

The party under Lt. J. G. Parke, on its way home, collected in Caman-
che Spring specimens of both sexes of Gambusia nobilis, the male of which we
had not observed so far. It has the same general aspect as its female, figured
on plate xxxix, of the "Ichthyology of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary," being
rather short and deep bodied compared to its congeners. In coloration both
sexes agree. The largest specimens of the female sex measure two inches and
those of the male one inch in total length.

LV. Specimens of Gambusia affinis were also collected in San Pedro creek,
Tex., and in Dry creek near Victoria, Tex., by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, under
Major Emory. The male sex measures one and a tenth of an inch in total
length, and compares well with the female figured on plate xxxix, of the ' ' Ich-
thyology of the U. S. and Mex. Boundary," having the same slender appear-
ance and general aspect. The anal finis somewhat deeper than in G. patruelis
represented on the plate just alluded to. The color is similar in either sex.

[April;

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121

LVI. As to Gambusia pa'ruelis, numerous specimens of that species were col-
lected in the upper affluents of the Rio Nueces, by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, under
Capt. A. W. Whipple, during the Exploration near the thirty-fifth parallel, for
a railroad route to the Pacific. The average size of either sex corresponds
pretty nearly to the specimens figured on plate xxxix, of the "Ichthyology of
the U. S. and Mex. Boundary." Specimens from the Rio Leona, Rio Blanco,
and Rio Seco, exhibit a somewhat lighter tint than those from the lower part
of the same hydrographic basin. But this may be an alteration subsequent to
their immersion in alcohol.

LVII. A curious little species of Gambusia from the hydrographic basin of the
Rio San Juan, specimens of which having been collected in Rio San Diego, one
of its affluents, near Cadereita, New Leon, by D. N. Couch. The largest ones
measure an inch and a half in total length, and belong to the female sex alone.
The body is deep upon its middle and the tail tapering. The head enters about
four times and a half in the total length. The eye is proportionally large and
circular ; its diameter entering three times in the length of the side of the head.
The dorsal fin is very narrow and elevated, and proportionally higher than
in the other species so far known of this genus. The anal fin is likewise nar-
row and deep, and resembles the dorsal in that respect. The ventrals are
small, and the pectorals well developed. We have not been able to count with
accuracy the rays of the fins, owing to the desiccated condition of the specimens
preserved ; in the dorsal and anal fins they are less numerous than in the
other species of the genus. The color of the body is reddish-brown, except
the belly, which is yellowish or whitish. Small black spots may be observed
along the dorsal region near the base of the scales. The dorsal and anal fins
are greyish ; the caudal ventrals and pectorals, olivaceous.

The species might be designated under the appellation of Gambusia speciosa.

LVIII. In the collection of the late Louis Berlandier, of Matamoras, we find
another species of Gambusia, which differs from its congeners by the slender-
ness of its form and general appearance : hence the name of G. gracilis by
which we propose to record it.

The largest female specimens measure about an inch and a half in total
length, of which the head constitutes a little more than the fifth. The mouth
is rather large compared to that of the foregoing species. The diameter of the
eye enters about three times in the length of the side of the head. The body
in its profile is subfusiform. The dorsal fin is higher than long, superiorly
convex. The caudal is rounded off posteriorly. The anal is larger than the
dorsal, deeper than long and exteriorly convex, the posterior extremity of its
insertion being nearly opposite the anterior margin of the dorsal. The tip of
the ventrals extends almost to the anterior margin of the anal. The pectorals
are well developed and project beyond the insertion of the ventrals. The rays
are : D 6 ; A 9 ; C 5, 1, 6, 6, 1, 4 ; V 6 ; P 13. The scales are moderate sized,
much deeper than long, subelliptical in their outline, more convex posteriorly
than anteriorly with numerous and well developed radiating furrows upon the
anterior portion alone.

The largest male specimens which have come under our observation mea-
sure a little over an inch in total length. They are very similar to the female
sex, rather more slender. The anal fin exhibits the usual structure peculiar
to that genus. The first ray is a mere rudiment ; the second being the stoutest
and longest ; the third forms, with the second, the elongation of that fin, and
is followed by four shorter rays somewhat better developed, however, than in
the other species, which we have examined.

The color is olivaceous brown ; the dorsal and caudal fin exhibits narrow
transverse, blackish bars ; the other fins being olivaceous.

LIX. Mr. John Potts has collected in Chihuahua River another species of Gam-
busia which appears to reach a larger size than any of the foregoing spe-

1859.]

122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

cies, reminding us somewhat by its general appearance those occurring in
Cuba.

The specimens before us are all of the female sex, and measure two inches
and a quarter in total length, in which the head enters about five times. The
head itself is rather short, whilst the mouth is proportionally large. The dia-
meter of the eye enters thrice in the length of the side of the head. The
dorsal fin is higher than long, somewhat convex superiorly. The caudal is
rather short and subtruncated posteriorly. The anal is deeper than long and
a little broader than the dorsal ; the middle of its insertion corresponding to
the anterior margin of the dorsal. The ventrals are very small and far from
reaching the vent with their extremities. The pectorals are of moderate de-
velopment, spear-shaped when not expanded. The rays are : D 9 ; A 10 ;
C 6, 1, 7, 7, 1, 6 ; V 6; P 12. The middle rays of the dorsal and anal fins
exhibit bifurcations of the second degree conspicuously developed. The scales
are of moderate development. The body is chestnut brown, and the abdomen
yellowish golden, with blackish specks along the middle of the flanks to the
caudal fin. The periphery of the scales is margined with black. The dorsal,
caudal and anal fins are greyish and speckled, the ventrals and pectorals being
olivaceous.

To distinguish this species from its congeners, the name of G. senilis is here
proposed.

On the Primary Divisions of the SALAMANDRIDJE, with Descriptions of Two

New Species.

BY E. D. COPE.

Class AMPHIBIA. Order CADUCIBRANCHIATA. Sub. Ord. URODELA.
Fam. 1. PROTONOPSID^E. Branchial apertures persistent. (Trematoderes
Duin. & Bibr).

Fain. 2. SALAMANDRIDJ3. Branchial apertures none. (Aretoderes Dum.
& Bibr.)

The characters of the following subfamilies are taken from the position, etc.,
of the palatine and sphenoidal teeth, and we are of the opinion that the groups
thus formed will be found to be more natural than those established exclusively
upon the form of the tongue.

1. AMBYSTOMIN,.

Palatine teeth upon elevated processes of the vomero-palatine bones, in
straight or arched transverse series only, sphenoidal teeth absent. Tongue
larg>\ thick, papillose, but slightly free. Form stout. Skin mostly smooth.
North America.

1. Mf.galobatrachus (Tschudi) 1838. Syn. Cryptobranchus Van der Hoeven,
1838. Sieboldia Bonaparte, 1850. Tritomegas Dumeril & Bibron, 1850.

The great aquatic Salamander of Japan is closely allied to our Protonop-
Bis (Menopoma Harlan), but the absence of branchial slits places it among the
true Salamanders. By the position of the palatine teeth it evidently belongs to the
present subfamily, and not among the Tritons, as placed by Dr. Hallowell.
(Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. iii. Second Series, p. 357).

2. Camarataxis Nob. Palatine teeth upon four processes, the two posterior
short oblique, and behind the internal nares ; the anterior forming an arch,
interrupted at the palatine suture, and concentric with the maxillary series.
Tongue broad, thick, papillose, attached by the whole posterior border, slightly
free laterally. Extremities stout, digits free, 4 5. Tail not long, compressed

[April,"

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 123

C. maculata. Ambystoma maculatum Hallowell, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Second Series, vol. iii. p. 355.

This species, which inhabits New Mexico, makes the nearest approach to the
preceding genus in the form of the series of palatine teeth. In this respect it
also exhibits too great a departure from the straight or slightly angular series
of Ambystoma, to remain in that genus.

3. Ambystoma (Tsch.)

The nearest approach to the preceding species, in general appearance and
form of the palatine series, is seen in the Ambystoma nebulosumof Dr. Hal-
lowell : but the processes are not arched, but straight, presenting an obtuse angle
forward.

The genus Xiphonura Tschudi (Heterotriton Gray) does not seem to be suffi-
ciently distinct either with respect to dental peculiarities, or the form of the
tail. Though Ambystoma ingens, luridnum, and Californiense re-
semble each other in these points, and are quite different from the A. opacam,
yet by the intervention of such species as A. tigrinum (Green) 1 uscnm
(Hallowell) b i c o 1 o r (Hall.) p u n c t a t um (Linn.), which show a regular
gradatiou of form, the hiatus is filled, and no generic division can be made.

The following species appears to be undescribed :

A. c o n s pe r s um . Head oval, rather large ; extremities slender, fourth toe
twice as long as second ; tail not longer than body, much compressed; tongue
elliptical, very slightly free at the sides ; palatine teeth in two short patches
between the internal nares, presenting a concavity backwards. Length 1 inch
10 lines : head 4 1. : body 9 1. : tail 9 1. Head, back and tail cinereous brown,
finely speckled with white dots, which are confluent on the snout. An indis-
tinct row of white spots on the sides. Beneath dirty white.

Londongrove, Chester Co., Pennsylvania.

The animal described was probably not fully grown, so that though the
measurements indicate the smallest known Ambystoma, the adult may be
larger. We are unable to refer it as the young of any of our Pennsylvania
Ambystomata. The form of the tail would indicate aquatic habits, but it was
found in the woods, and when placed in water showed the greatest aversion
to it.

It resembles Ambystoma porphyritic um of the Academy's collection, but
differs in color of abdomen, lateral series of spots, and larger head and mouth.
(We allude to the specimen f<orn the Wabash, presented by Dr. McMurtrie).
The two latter points, it will be noticed, are those in which this Wabash
specimen differs from Prof. Green's description, according to Dr. Hallowell.
(Proc. A cad., Feb. 1 856). A. porphyriticum has as yet been found west of
the Alleghanies only. The young of A. 1 a te r al e (Hall.) is not known, nor
has the geographical distribution of that species been well ascertained. We
have been unable to find Gray's description of his A. p u n c t u 1 a t u m, which
is, however, a Californian species.

4. Onychodactylds(TscIi.) The genus Ensatina (Gray) which is stated by
Dr. Hallowell (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. 8, p. 238) to be destitute of sphenoidal
teeth, may enter this subfamily.

2. SPELERPINJE.

Palatine teeth in short series upon transverse processes of the palatine bone;
sphenoidals numerous, aggregated upon two thin, ovate or elongate bony plates
(becoming cartilaginous), which lie longitudinally and contiguously upon the
sphenoid bone. Tongue (generally) thin, borne upon the much exserted carti-
laginous elongation of the os hyoides ; some genera with an additional anterior
membranous attachment. Form slender; skin smooth. North America and
Europe.

1859.]

124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

I. Plethodontje.

Tongue with a membranous attachment from the pedicel to the anterior edge,
leaving the lateral and posterior borders more or less free.

1. Plethodon (Tsch.) The tongue in this genus is not attached by its pos-
terior border, as described, though very slightly free.

2. Desmognathus (Baird). D. auriculata (Holbrook). D. nigra
(Green).

D. f u s c a (Green). Salamandra quadrimaculata (Holbrook) is undoubtedly
the young of this species.

The teeth of this species as in all others of the Spelerpinos that we have ex-
amined, are acrodont. Superior and inferior maxillaries slightly curved, com-
pressed; summits truncate, having a cutting edge interiorly, and a sharp point
exteriorly, with a crescent- shaped depression between. Color hyaline, point
and edge amber. Sphenoidals more cylindrical and incurved.

D. ochrophaea .* Form more slender than D. f u s c a, less so than Pleth.
erythronotus. Tail as long as the head and body, subquadrangular at base,
beyond, slender and slightly compressed. Thirteen distinct costal folds.
Length 2 inches 111.; tail 17 1.

Color above, varying from bright to dirty and fuscous straw color, most
specimens with an indefinite medial row of irregular brown spots, a deep brown
line passing through the eye and along the dorso-lateral region of the body to
the end of the tail ; distinctly defined along its upper edge; fading into fuscous
marblings on the sides. Belly pure white.

Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania.

This is a terestrial species, and very common beneath the bark of hemlock
logs. We have never noticed it in the South-eastern part of Penna., but it has
probably been passed over as Spelerpes b i 1 i n e a t a, to which it bears consider-
able resemblance, or as a pale variety of Plethodon erythronotus. From the
latter it differs in attachment of tongue, less slender form, want of marblings
on the belly, etc. Brownish yellow takes the place of red on the back, though
the young have indications of the same indefinite pink spotting as in that
species and Desm. f u sea.

3. Aneides (Baird.) 4. Heredia (Girard.) 5. Hemidactylicm (Tsch.) Is
Salamandra melanosticta (Gibbes) identical with H. scutatum (Tschudi) ?

II. Spelerpes.

Tongue boletoid attached by a central pedicel only.

6. Batrachoseps (Bp.) 7. Spelerpes (Raf.) 8. (Edipus (Tsch.) 9. Geo-
triton (Bp.)

10. PsEUDOTRrTON (Tsch.) The teeth of this species exhibit the following
peculiarities. Acrodont, much incurved, cylindrical, with a central pulp

* Since the above was sent to press, we have been informed by Prof. Baird that
he considers this animal identical with Salamandra H al d e m an i (Holbrook)
which he is of opinion is one of the "very numerous varieties of Desmognathus
f us ca." We have never seen Prof. Holbrook's original specimens of S. H aide-
man i, but it has been represented by all subsequent authors to be a Spelerpes
(Cylindrosoma D. & B.), a genus differing from Desmognathus in its boletoid
tongue. We would also hazard a doubt as to the identity of this animal with
Desm. f u s c a. The latter is decidedly aquatic in its habits, living beneath stones,
etc., in rapid streams.

The former we have never seen in the water, but have invariably found it
beneath bark, under logs, etc. It is rather sluggish, resembling Plethodon
erythronotus in this respect. Should this animal be the Salamandra Ha Id e-
m a n i of Holbrook, it will stand as Desmognathus H a 1 d e m a n i Nob.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 125

cavity, terminating in two points, the interior much larger than the exterior;
both of a bright amber color, the body of the tooth being hyaline in appearance.
The palatines are similar to the superior maxillaries, the inferior maxillaries
only differ in being flattened on their inner side, and the sphenoidal in being
more curved.

3. Hynobiin*.

Vomero-palatine bones destitute of teeth, posteriorly elongated and cuneiform,
occupying a deep emargination in the outline of the sphenoid bone. Sphenoidal
teeth present, upon the outer edge of two ridges of the sphenoid bone which
lie along the sphenoido-palatine suture, thus forming two longitudinal series
closely approximated posteriorly, widely diverging and becoming transverse,
anteriorly. Tongue rather large, much attached. Yery aquatic species.
Japan.

This subfamily presents a singular and very distinct modification of the
arrangement of teeth on the palate.

Tschudi has distinguished generically the only two species of this subfamily.
under tbe names Pseudosalamandra and Hynobius, and apparently upon insuf-
ficient grounds. MM. Dumeril and Bibron have united them under the name
Ellipsoglossa, but as Tschudi's names have priority, one or the other of them
must be adopted. We select as the least objectionable

1. Hynobius (Tsch.) H. nebulosus (Schl.) H. n a e v i u s (Scbl.)

Pseudosalamandra ncevia Tsch. Class. 1838. Molge striata Gray, Cat. Brit.
Mus. 1850.

4. SALAMANDRIX^.

Palatine teeth upon the inner edge of processes of the palatine bones, which
are elongated horizontally and posteriorly over the sphenoid. No transverse
palatine series. Tongue generally thick, and seldom free to much extent.
Skin mostly rough, or changing with the habitat. Form usually stout. Eu-
rope, North America and Japan.

It would appear as though herpetologists had not given the same attention
to the clear definition of their genera among the animals of this subfamily, as
elsewhere. In the following brief synopsis, the diagnoses of the genera have
been drawn up with reference to and including only the distinctive characters.

I. SalamaxdrjE.

Palatine processes slender, curved, approximating posteriorly. Ribs not
developed. Terrestrial species.

1. Salamandra (Laurenti.) Palatine teeth in two curved series, approxima-
ted posteriorly. Tongue oval, thick, slightly free at its edges. Digits free, 4 5.
Parotids large, porous. Tail moderate, cylindrical.

S. m a c u 1 o s a (laurenti.) S. c o rsi c a (Savi.) S. at r a (Laurenti.) 1768.
S. nigra, Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1850.

II. Pleurodei*.

Palatine processes cuneiform. Ribs greatly developed, sometimes piercing the
skin. Terrestrial and aquatic.

2. Salamaxdrina (Fitzinger.) Palatine series nearly in contact at their
anterior extremities, for a short distance almost parallel, then widely diverging.
Tongue ovate, broad behind, free laterally ani posteriorly. Digits 4 4. Tail
subcylindrical.

S. perspicillata Fitz. 1826. Seiranota condylura Barnes, Silliman's
Journ. v. ii. p. 278.

3. Pleurodeles (Michaelles.) Palatine teeth in two parallel series, whose
anterior extremities are considerably in advance of the internal nares, and

1859.] 10

126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

slightly converging. Tongue small, ova 1 , free posteriorly and laterally. Paro-
tids present, porous. Digits 4 5. Tail long, compressed.

P. W a 1 1 1 i (Mich.) Salamandra pleurodeles, Schlegel, Fauna Japonica,
p. 117. ? P. exasperatus (Dum. & Bibr.) Erp. Gen. vol. 9, p. 420.

4. Bradybates (Tschudi.) Palatine teeth few. Tongue small, round, at-
tached by its whole inferior surface. Extremities short, small ; digits 4 5.
Body depressed, no parotids. Tail short, broad at base, subcylindrical.

B. ventricosus (Tsch.)

III. Tritones.
Palatine processes cuneiform. Ribs not developed. Habits aquatic, many
species furnished in the breeding season with dorsal crests, and interdigital
membranes.

5. Glossoliga (Bp.) Longitudinal series of palatine teeth in two widely
separated rows, slightly converging anteriorly. A strong postorbitar arch,
formed by the union of a process of the posterior frontal with that of the tym-
panic bone. Maxillary bone uniting immediately with the pterygoids. Tongue
rounded, free posteriorly and laterally. Digits 4 5. Tail moderate, some-
what compressed.

A remarkable genus, quite distinct in many points of structure from
Euproctus, with which Dum. & Bibron unite it.
G. Poire ti (Gervais.)

6. Diemyctylus (Rafinesque.) Longitudinal series of palatine teeth in two
straight rows, closely approximated anteriorly, widely diverging posteriorly.
A strong long arch above and behind the orbit formed by the united processes
of the posterior frontal and tympanic bones. Tongue small, thick, oval, at-
tached by its whole inferior surface or with a very slightly free lateral border.
Digits 4 5, the exterior and interior upon the hind feet rudimentary. Tail
moderate, compressed.

Syn. Diemyctylus Rafinesque, 1820. JVotopthalmus Raf., 1820. Cynops Tsch.
1838. Taricka Gray, 1850.

We regret that the law of priority compels us to employ Rafinesque's objec-
tionable name in preference to Cynops Tschudi or Taricka Gray. We prefer
Diemyctylus, though apparently unmeaning, to the egregiously inappropriate
JVotopthalmus of the same date.

D. torosus. Triton torosus Esch. Zool. At. pt. v. pi. 21. fig. 15, 1833.
Triton Ermarmi Weigmann, 1835. Triton granulosus Skilton, 1849. Taricha toro-
sus Gray, Cat. Brit. Mus., 1850.

The external characters of this animal present no peculiarity that appears to
us to warrant generic separation from the succeeding species.

? D. 1 ae v i s . Taricha Icevis Bd. & Girard, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. vol. 6, p. 302.

D. pyrrhogaster. Molge pyrrhogastra Boie, Isis, p. 215, 1826. Sala-
mandra subcristata Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, p. 135, 1833. Cynops subcristaius
(Tsch ) Class, der Batrachier, p. 94, 1838.) Cynops piyrrhogaster (Gray,) Cat.
Brit. Mus. 1850.

This species in the development of the temporal region exhibits characters
most typical of the genus. We fail to perceive the generic difference admitted
by authors to exist between this and the following species.

D. viridescens . Triturus (Diemyctylus) viridescens Raf., 1820. Triturus
(Notopthalmus) miniatus Raf., 1820. Salamandra symmetrica Harlan, 1825.
Salamandra dorsalis Harlan, 1828. Salamandra vnllepunctata Storer, 1838.
Triton millepunctatus Dckay, 1842. Triton dorsalis Hall., 1842. Triton symme-
Iricus Dum. & Bibr., 1854.

We include in the above synonymes those of the nominal species D.
miniatus, which we think with Dr. Hallowell (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Feb.
1856) is a state of D. viridescens. We have caught specimens with or

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127

without the dorsal or ventral spots ; destitute of, with rudimentary, or fully
developed crests; and of ever}' shade of color between vermillion and brownish
green. The color and character of the skin seem to be dependent upon the
amount of moisture in the situations in which they are found. Those from
high and dry spots are redder and rougher than those from marshy situations :
while those whose habits are for the time aquatic, are still greener and smooth-
er, and exhibit every degree of development of the dorsal crest. Thus it is
probable that this species undergoes changes similar to those of the European
Tritons, as detailed by Schlegel and Kaup.

7. Euproctus, (Gene.) Series of palatine teeth closely approximated ante-
riorly, posterior extremities widely diverging. Skull elongated, depressed. A
weak post orbitar arch formed by the slender processes of the posterior frontal
and tympanic bones. Superior maxillary bone uniting with the pterygoid by
the intervention of a jugal bone. Tongue oval, free behind ami at the sides.
Anal region frequently prolonged. Digits 4 5. Tail compressed.

E. platycephalus (Otto.) Molge platycephalus (Otto) 1826. Euproctus
Rusconi (Bonaparte), 1839. Euproctus platycephalus (Gray,) 1830. Euproctus
puncticulatus (Dum. & Bibr.)

This and the following three species have been described by MM. Dum. k
Bibron as Tritons, but are considered by M. Alfd. Duges (Osteologie et Myologie
des Batraciens) as varieties of Euproctus platycephalus. The present
species is evidently a Euproctus, judging from the figure of the skull in the
Erpetologie generale.

E. r ugosus (D. & B.) E. r ep a n d u s (D. & B.) E. B i b r on i i (Bell.)

8. Lissotriton (Bell.) Series of palatine teeth nearly in contact anteriorly,
widely diverging posteriorly. Post orbitar arch wanting; posterior frontal
bone with a slight projecting supra-orbitar border. Tongue moderate, circular,
depressed, slightly free all round. Digits 4 5. Tail compressed.

L. p u n c ta t u s (Latr.) Triton punctatus Auctoruin. Lissotriton punctatus
Bell, 1839. Lophinus punctatus Gray, 1850.

The form of the tongue seems to be the only peculiarity which separates thi?
species from the true Tritons. This, though a slight character, is probably
better than that upon which Prof. Bell principally relies in establishing the
genus viz.: the smoothness of the skin : thus including the Triton palmi-
p e s , and perhaps other species at proper seasons of the year.

9. Triton (Laurenti). Series of palatine teeth closely approximated anteri-
orly, diverging posteriorly. Supra-orbitar border of the posterior frontal bone
prominent ; the process rudimentary or wanting. Tongue small papillose, free
at the sides only. Digits 4 5. Tail moderate, compressed.

\ Ommatotriton (Gray). Tongue thick, like a wart, lateral borders scarcely
free.

Syn. Ommatotriton Gray, (1850). Lissotriton (Bell) (Pars), 1839. Lophinus
(Gray), (Pars) 1850.

T. palmipes (Latreille) ? Molge vittatus Gray, (1820). Lissotriton pal-
mipes Bell, (1839). Triton vittatus Dum. & Bibr. (1854).

T. alpestris (Laur. )

T. palmatus (Schn.) (1797). Lophinus palmatus (Gray), 1850.

\ Triton (Laurenti). Tongue depressed, considerably free laterally.

Syn. Triton (Laur.) Syn. Rep. p. 38, (1768). Hemisalamandra (Pars) (Duts).
(1852).

T. marmoratus (Latreille). This species stands first in Laurenti's
Synopsis of Tritons. In the form of the tongue it approaches, and in osteolo-
gical characters closely resembles, the Hemisalamandra c r i s t a t a , but the al-
most parallel rows of palatine teeth in the latter species gcnericalJy distinguish it.

10. Hemisalamandra (Duges). (1852). Palatine teeth in two widely sepa-
1859.]

128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP

rated longitudinal rows, which slightly converge anteriorly. Post-orbitar arch
wanting. Tongue oval, flat, attached by its anterior and posterior borders,
free laterally. Digits 4 5. Tail long, compressed.

H. cristata (Laur.) Triton cristatus Auctoruin. What species Merrem
assigned as the type of his genus Molge, we have been unable to ascertain, nor
would it seem to be generally well known among herpetologists, from the num-
ber and variety of species to which it has been applied. The following are
some of them : Plethodon erythronotus, Hynobius naevius, Euproctus
platycephalus, Triton palm i p e s , Diemyehvlus pyrrhogaster.

On the genus CALLIONYMUS of Authors.
BY THEO. GILL.

In the genus Callionymus, as it has been restricted by modern naturalists,
three distinct genera are yet confounded. Sharing all of the following charac-
ters, two of them differ so much from each other in the position of the bran-
chial apertures, that there can be no doubt of their claims to rank as separate
genera. The characters common to all, and which distinguish them as a sub-
family, will be first given, and afterwards the generic diagnoses.

The body is elongated, and often transversely oval anteriorly, and conse-
quently broader than high ; thence it gradually declines in height and thick-
ness to the base of the caudal fin, and being often quite thick near that fin,
assumes there a peculiar bulging appearance. The whole is naked and smooth.

The lateral line commences at the mastoids, and is connected, near its
origin to that of the opposite side by a transverse nuchal line ; thence it ge-
nerally declines slightly, and is then continued along the side of the back or
the upper part of the side to the caudal fin.

The head is in general outline depressed and triangular, but varies in de-
tail. The preopercle has a stout horizontal process which generally terminates
posteriorly in a group of radiating and recurved spines, one above the other,
or which has the spines along the superior border. The profile is oblique.
The preorbitals or first sub-orbitals are prolonged anteriorly and frequently
extended towards each other, thus forming a roof under which the jaws are
concealed when retracted. There appears to be on each side but a single
nostril, which is situated before the eye.

The mouth is small and sub-terminal, but under the muzzle, and is protrac-
tile downwards.

The teeth are villiform, and present in a moderately broad band in each
jaw. The palate is smooth.

The tongue is generally far within the mouth ; it is sometimes entirely
united to the floor of the mouth, while at other times it is anteriorly free.

The branchiostegal membrane has on each side five or six slender rays.

The branchial apertures are very small and superior.

The first dorsal fin commences before the bases of the pectorals ; it varies in
shape, but there appears to be a constant arrangement of the rays. These are
always four in number, and the first two are approximated at the base, but as
the membrane enlarges, diverge from each towards their ends ; the third is
considerably posterior : the fourth is separated by a still wider interval from
the third.

The second dorsal commences a short distance behind the first, is oblong
and is distant from the caudal less than its length.

The anal has the form and structure of the second dorsal, but its commence-
ment and termination are posterior to those points of the dorsal.

The caudal is elongated, but narrow, and has only from ten to thirteen ar-
ticulated rays, of which from one to three of the superior and inferior are
simple.

The pectoral fins are well developed, and are angular at the middle of their
posterior margins. Their bases are vertical, but concave.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 129

The ventrals are on the skies of the breast, and their bases are parallel or
nearly so with the fish's length : they are separated from each other by a very
wide and flattened area, and their posterior rays are connected by a membrane
to the lower half of the bases of the pectoral fins. These fins are more or less
larger than the pectorals.

Such are the chief external characters of this singular group, and as they
are apparently common to all its species, they should in this case be elimi-
nated from the generic, and much more from the specific description. The
different proportions of these parts are their relative situation to each other,
are alone specific characters. The fins present a singular diversity, not alone
in form, but in structure, in even the same species. Some of them, especially
the first dorsal and caudal, are often much more developed in the males than
in the females. The rays, at least of many of them, are very variable in their
character, sometimes nearly all them being simple, and at others, almost all
are branched. It is therefore impossible to now give a formula indicative of
the exact permanent condition of the fins.

Two of the genera confounded under the name of Callionymus, as has been
already stated, differ chiefly in the position of the branchial apertures. In the
true Callionymi, they are of an oval form, and situated near the inner angle of
the superior opercular margin, and on the sides of the nape. In another group,
they are present as small perpendicular slits behind the opercular margin, and
have been well described by Valenciennes in the article on Callionymus oper-
cularis. They are by that naturalist said to be concealed by a long pointed
production of the operculum, and by a membrane which connects this produc-
tion to the nape, and they thus present the appearance of transverse slits
under this membrane when the opercula arc raised up. Valenciennes has well
remarked that the species whose peculiarity he thus describes may one day
become the type of a peculiar sub-genus, but he has not so named it. There
can be at this day no doubt entertained as to the propriety of forming for the
species thus distinguished a distinct genus, and the name of Synchiropus is
offered as its generic appellation, a name which alludes to the peculiar con-
nection of the ventrals to the bases of the pectorals. The genus that will be
described under this name does not embrace the Callionymus dactylopus of
Bennet which is the type of a distinct, but allied genus.

The generic diagnoses of the genera will then be as follows :

I. Callionymus, L. restr.

Aperturae branchiales ovataa, in latere nuchae utroque sitae. Pinnae ven-
trales spina et quinque radiis ramosis, omnibus membrana conjunctis.

This genus, as far as relates to the species referred to it, is synonymous
with the genus Uranoscopus of Gronovius, who has reversed the Linnaean names
of Callionymus and Uranoscopus, as used by modern naturalists, the former
Gronovian genus including the Uranoscopi and the latter the Callionymi.

Besides the numerous species that have been already described, two that
appear to be undescribed are in the collection of the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition. One (C. taniatus Gill,) is lilac colored, with a silvery line and
row of spots on the sides, and with a black spot, bordered by white, on the
first dorsal. The other (C. inframundus Gill,) is light brownish, marbled
with white, and with a blackish first dorsal. The former is from China ; the
latter from Japan.

II. Synchiropus, Gill.

Aperturae branchiales parvae, lineares, fere perpendiculares, post opercula.
Pinnae ventrales radiis spinoso et quinque ramosis membrana conjunctis.

The genus thus characterized embraces five known species, which are all
inhabitants of the Eastern seas;

1. S. lateralis .

Syn. Callionymus lateralis, Richardson, Zoology Sulphur, p. 65, pi. xxxvii,
figs. 5 and 6. 1844.

1859.]

130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF

The specimen figuredby Richardson is a female. The male is distinguished
by a more slender and elongated body, and by a first dorsal, about a third
higher than that of the female. The first dorsal has also a black spot margined
with white at the posterior angle, and the two bars of the caudal which are
present in the female are absent in the male. There are also two rows of
blue spots on the anal of the female, which are not mentioned in Richardson's
descriptions: these spots are replaced in the males by two corresponding lines.
Richardson simply states that his fish has a narrow streak of dusky brown
near the lower border of the anal. There can, however, be no doubt as to the
specific identity of these three varieties. Mr. Stimpson dredged specimens at
Hong Kong from a depth of eight fathoms.

2. S. lineolatus.

Syn. Callionyme lineolo, \ Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xii. p.

Callionymus lineolatus. J 307. 1837.

This species is quite distinct from the preceding, which has been compared
with it by Sir John Richardson.

3. S. ocellatus .

Si/n. Callionymus ocellatus. Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, Fasc. octav. p. 26,
pl.iv. figs. 1, 2, 3. 1770.

(Callionime,) l'oeille Daubent. Enc. Method, vol. 3, Poiss. pp.75, 277. 1787
Le petit Argus, ) Bonnaterre Tableau Encyc. Method., Ichthyologie,

Callionymus ocellatus, J p. 43. 1788.

Callionymus ocellatus, Artedi Genera Piscium, Walb. ed. p. 608. 1792.

" " Linn. Systema Naturse, Gmel. ed. p. 1154. 1793.

Callionyme pointille, ) Lacepede Hist. Nat. des. Poissons, vol. 2, pp.

Callionymus punctulatus, J 328, 340. 1800.

Callionymus ocellatus, Blocu Systeina Ichthyologine Schneid. ed. p. 40. 1801.
Callionyme ocelle, | Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. 12, p. 309.

Callionymus ocellatus, J 1837-

Callionymus ocellatus, Blkr. Natuurk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. vol. 8, p. 422. 1855.

4. S. opercularis.

Syn. Callionyme a grand opercules, \ Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol.
Callionymus opercularis, ) 12, p. 305. 1837.

5. S. opercular o i des .

Syn. Callionymus opercularoides, Blkr. Natuurk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. vol. 1,
p. 32. 1S50.

A third genus with the branchial apertures in the same position as Sy7ichi-
ropus, is readily distinguished from that genus, as well as from the true
Callionymi, by its first articulated ray ; this ray is unbranched and much
longer than the following, from which it is almost entirely separated, and is
only connected with the spinous ray. To the only known species, the name
of Callionymus dactylopus has been given. As the specific name alludes to the
principal generic character, and is also much more appropriate as a generic
than a specific one, it is now conferred on the genus, and the name of its author
is given as a specific one.

III. Dactylopus, Gill.

Aperturre branchiales parvse, lineares, post opercula. Primse ventrale radiis
spinoso et quinque articulatis, radio primo articulato simplici, elongato, radio
spinoso conjuncto, a ra'iiis ramosis disjuncto. Pinna dorsalis prima spinis
duobus primis filiformibus, lougissimis, aliis filiformibus sed brevioribus.

1. D. Bennetti.

Syn. Callionyme a doigt libre, )Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons,

Callionymus dactylopus, Ed. Benn., ) vol. 12, p. 310. 1837.

Callionymus dactylopus, Blkr. Naturuk. Tijd. v. Ned. Ind. vol. 3, p. 559.

1852.

[April,

NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA. 131

Description of HYPOBHAMPHTJS, a New Genus of Fishes allied to Hemi-

rhainphus, Cuv.

BY THEO. GILL.

All those species of fishes which resemble in external form the Esox Brazili-
tfisis of Linnaeus, and for which Cuvier framed the genus Ilemirhamphus, have
been described as having a straight band of short, granular and equal teeth in
each jaw.* Such is the character given to the genus by Valenciennes, in the
nineteenth volume of the " Histoire Naturelle des Poissons," where twenty-
seven species are referred to it. This character is also repeated in many of the
specific descriptions, and many of the species